1 Arrange football stadiums and assess facilities 2Arrange plans for transportation and other infrastructure 3Arrange qualifying match 4 Make sure enough facilities for visitors 5 Make arrangements for practices ID: 738153
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Slide1
Project planning & control Slide2Slide3
1. Arrange football stadiums and assess facilities Slide4
2.Arrange plans for transportation and other infrastructure Slide5
3.Arrange qualifying match Slide6
4. Make sure enough facilities for visitors Slide7
5. Make arrangements for practices Slide8
6.Arrangements for accommodation and air transport Slide9
7. Arrangements for inauguration Slide10
8. Security arrangements Slide11
So what is a project?
Project is a group of activities having a fixed start, end, objectives and resources to use.
Projects are low volume and high variety activities.
Examples for projects:
Engineering/construction projects
Product launches
Movie making
Arranging emergency aid to earthquake or tsunami victims
Producing television programs
Constructing the tunnel
Designing an aircraft
Relocating a factory
refurbishing a hotel
Installing a new information system Slide12
Characteristics of different projects
All projects are having an objective.
All projects are unique.
All projects are ‘one-offs’, not repeated.
All projects are temporary in nature.
All projects are having complexity (having different tasks)
All projects must cope with uncertainty. Slide13
Difference between projects and programmes.
Projects
Programmes
Projects have fixed start and end.
Programmes do not have a fixed start and end.
Managing projects in handling cost, quality and time.
Program management is about resource co-ordinationSlide14
Typology of projects (types having same character )
Projects are having great amount of complexity & uncertainty.
The details of projects are subject to change.
So planning is difficult. Resources are committed, times may be agreed, but any change in objective or environmental conditions change all planning.
For example a political agreement between Vietnam and China, any problem in between changes all planning taken place before. Slide15
Individual
Group
Organization
Multi- organization
Nation
Multi-nation
Complexity
Low
High
Uncertainty
Low
High
Novel writing
Wedding
Product development
Oil and gas exploration
Basic research
Company audit
Advertising campaign
Antarctic expedition
Oil tanker
Chemical plant
Airport
Car plant
Airbus
Channel Tunnel
Euro project
Motorway
Thames Barrier
Military campaign
Complexity and uncertainty as project dimensionsSlide16
Factors behind successful project management
Clearly defined goals – Mission or objective of the project must clear to everyone involved.
Competent project manager – A skilled project leader.
Top management support
Competent project team members
Sufficient resource allocation
Adequate communications channels
Control mechanisms
Feedback capabilities – possibilities for suggestions and review
Responsiveness to clients – users of projects are well-informed.
Troubleshooting mechanisms – procedure for tackling problems
Project staff continuity – involvement of project staff throughout period. Slide17
Responsibilities of a project manager
Project manager co-ordinate the effects of many people in different parts of the organization.
Project managers concerned with HR management.
Project managers should be capable of exchange of information with external and internal stakeholders.
Project managers responsible for equipment and resource allocation. Slide18
Characteristics of a project manager
Project manager should have the background and experience for the project.
Project manager should have leadership and strategic expertise.
Project manager should have technical expertise.
Should have interpersonal skills.
Should have managerial ability Slide19
Project planning and control process
There are 5 stages in project management as follows:Slide20
Understanding
the project environment
Stage 1
Project definition
Stage 2
Project planning
Stage 3
Technical execution
Stage 4
Project control
Stage 5
Changes
Corrective action
Stages in project managementSlide21
Stage -01 understanding the project environment
Project environment means all the factors that affect the project during the life. Slide22
The project
Geo-social environment
Geography
National
culture
Econo
-political environment
Economy
Government
Business environment
Customers
Competitors
Suppliers/
subcontractors
Internal environment
Company strategy
Resources
Other projects
The project environment consists of all the factors
that can affect the projectSlide23
Another way for understanding the environment is to
consider
the various ‘
stakeholders’.
Stakeholders – individuals or groups who have an interest in the project process.
Examples of stakeholders:
1.Government
2.Employees
3.Customers
4.Suppliers
5.Creditors
6.Community
7.Tradeunions
8.Owner Slide24
Managing stakeholders
Identify the stakeholders.
Prioritize the stakeholders.
Understand key stakeholders.
This can be done by understanding the power and interest of stakeholders. Some stakeholders are very powerful in decision making, resource arrangement, and some are having little interest in the same. Slide25
The stakeholder power–interest grid
Stakeholder power
Stakeholder interest
Keep satisfied
Manage closely
Monitor
Keep informed
Low
High
Low
HighSlide26
Stage-02 Project definition
Define the project before the planning and executing process.
There are three elements for defining the project:
Define objectives
Define the scope( what can be done, and what cannot be)
Define the strategy – how to achieve the goal. Slide27
Stage -03 planning
Purpose of planning:
1.It determines the cost and duration.
2.It determines the resources, which will be needed.
3.It helps to allocate work and to monitor the progress.
4. It helps to assess the impact of any changes in the project.Slide28
How projects are
planned or 5 steps for planning
I
Identify activities
Estimate time and resources
Identify relationships and dependencies
Identify schedule constraints
Fix the scheduleSlide29
Identify the activities in the project
Adjust as necessary
Stages in the project planning process
Estimate times and resources for the activities
Identify the relationships and dependencies between the activities
Identify time and resource schedule constraints
Fix the schedule for time and resourcesSlide30
Identify activities
Find out the different activities in the project. Slide31
Serve breakfast in bed
Obtain juice
Obtain glass
Produce boiled egg
Obtain egg cup
Produce toast
Obtain butter
Obtain plates and cutlery
Obtain tray
Obtain egg
Obtain water
Obtain bread
Work breakdown structure
Arrange tray
Produce buttered toast
Produce boiled egg in egg cup
Produce glass of orange drinkSlide32
Estimates the times and resources for the activity
Figure out the time and resource requirements. Slide33
‘Making breakfast’ – Maximizing toast quality
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
5
Orange
Water
Tray
Boil water
Boil egg
Bed room
Staff required
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
5
0
1
2
3
4
Bread
Toast
Butter
Time (mins)
Time (mins)Slide34
Identify relationship and dependencies
Connect activities in an order.
For example when making a house the activities must be as follows:
Make foundation
Build the wall
Build the roof
Do flooring Slide35
‘Making breakfast’ – Do activities at earliest time
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
5
Orange
Bread
Water
Tray
Toast
Boil water
Boil egg
Bed room
Staff required
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
5
0
1
2
3
4
Butter
Time (mins)
Time (mins)
Activities requiring operator timeSlide36
Identify schedule constraints
Resource constraints
Time constraints Slide37
Stage 05- project control
Management of activities which take place during the execution of the project. It has three steps:
How to monitor the project?
How to assess the project?
How to intervene to make changes?Slide38
Project monitoring
Check expenditure to date
Supplier price changes
Amount of overtime
Technical changes
Inspection failures
Delays Slide39
Assessing project performance methods
Earned Value Control
Combine cost and time and check the progress of the project.
For example if the cost value of project $100, half of the work must be completed when the cost reaching $50. Slide40
Network planning
The techniques used to control complexity and time constraints are generally called network planning.
Methods for network planning
1. Gantt Chart – showing project plan visually Slide41
a
Form and train user group
b
Install systems
c
Specify sales training
d
Design initial screen interface
e
Test interface in pilot area
f
Modify interface
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Activity
Time
(days)
Gantt chart
Project to design an information interface for a new sales knowledge management system in an insurance companySlide42
b. Critical Path Method
This method finding the longest activity in the project and finishing it first. So it shows the sequence or order in which activities must be undertaken.
C. Programme evaluation and review technique.
Slide43
CPM or Critical Path Method
Here we use two techniques
AOA (activity on arrow)
This method utilizes the arrows to show the order.
2.Activity on node or AON
Here activities are represented as boxes, and arrows are used to define the relationship between them. Slide44
Prepare bedroom
Paint bedroom
Prepare kitchen
Paint kitchen
Remove furniture
Replace furniture
a Remove furniture None 1
b Prepare bedroom a 2
c Paint bedroom b 3
d Prepare kitchen a 1
e Paint kitchen d 2
f Replace furniture c, e 1
Activity
Immediate predecessors
Activity duration (days)
Activities and network for simple decorating projectSlide45
Remove furniture
Prepare kitchen
Paint kitchen
Prepare bedroom
Paint bedroom
Replace furniture
Activity on node (AON)
network
for simple decorating projectSlide46
2. Programme evaluation and review technique (PERT)
This method is mainly used in complex defense projects in U.S Navy.
This is best when environment is uncertain. It recognizes the duration of activity(time), costs in a project. In this method each activity duration is estimated on optimistic, pessimistic basis. Slide47
1.Crashing networks
Reduce the time spent on critical path(longest activity) to shorten the project. Crashing network make extra cost because:
Overtime working
Additional resources
Sub-contracting Slide48
Computer assisted project management
Enterprise Project Management.
Here computer based software programs are used for project planning and control. Slide49
Integration
Some of the elements integrated in Enterprise Project Management systems
Project portfolio analysis
Multi-project analysis
Complex resource scheduling
Real-time reporting
Project modelling
Scenario planning
Forecasting
Risk management
Communi-cation
Project portal
Web-based collaboration
Document management
E-mail notification
Project planning
Critical activity analysis
Float calculation
Work order management
Project control
Budgeting
Cost management
Earned value control
Resource
scheduling
Resource levelling
Resource availability
Skills scheduling