/
Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method! Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method!

Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method! - PowerPoint Presentation

alexa-scheidler
alexa-scheidler . @alexa-scheidler
Follow
349 views
Uploaded On 2018-11-05

Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method! - PPT Presentation

Vocab Introduction Term or Concept Meaning Example Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth Biodiversity Variety of life More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer Species ID: 715989

cells data quantitative qualitative data cells qualitative quantitative system water specimen results body scientific lens life experiment dna variable

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the ..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method! Slide2

Vocab Introduction!

Term or Concept

Meaning

Example

Biosphere

Everywhere life exists

Planet Earth

Biodiversity

Variety of life.

More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer!

Species

Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Homo sapiens

Orcinus orca

Tursiops truncatus

Biology

The study of all forms of life.

Bacteria -> Blue Whale

Organism

Individual living thing

YOU!!!!!

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Unicellular and multicellular-> bacteria to muscle cell.

Metabolism

Chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials.

Eat a burger = energy

Digestion= breaks down food. Slide3

Term or Concept

Meaning

Example

DNA

Genetic Material

Fingerprints

System

An organized group of related parts that work together to form a whole.

Body

Car

Ecosystem

Environment made up of living= biotic and abiotic= non-living things.

Abiotic= rocks, sand, water, sun

Biotic= plants and animals

Homeostasis

Maintain constant internal conditions.

Body temp.= 98.6 F

Evolution

Change over time

DNA, animal populations

Adaptation

An inherited trait that gives an organism an advantage and is passed to future generations. Can be physical or behavioral.

Webbed feet in ducks, wings, sharp teeth, whiskers, long beak, stripes, aerodynamic body. Slide4

Biodiversity- the variety of life

Life is found in the deep sea, in hot acidic water in Yellowstone, in tree bark, etc

It can be tiny like the honey pot ant or huge like the blue whale. Slide5
Slide6
Slide7

What makes an organism an organism?

They MUST have these 8 characteristics:

1. Made up of cells

2. Metabolism

3. DNA

4. Stimulus

5. Reproduction

6. Evolution

7. Homeostasis

8. Grow and developSlide8

Made up of Cells

The basic unit of life

Multicellular – many celled like us

Unicellular- one celled such as bacteria

Can be microscopic or macroscopic

Different cells have specialized functions. For example- your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.Slide9

Cells Cells Cells CellsSlide10

Metabolism

Chemical process that builds up or breaks down materials.

Every cell needs energy and is either obtained by eating food or from the sun.

Energy= the ability to cause a change or to do work.

Where do you get energy from?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis-> uses chemicals to make food= hydrothermal vents

Photosynthesis= plantsSlide11

ChemosynthesisSlide12

Stimulus

All organisms must react in order to survive.

Organisms react to light, temperature, touch, sound

What happens to your eyes when you go from being inside to outside into the bright sunshine?Slide13

DNA-

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Genetic material

Passed on through reproduction

Fingerprint, blood, toe print, tissue.

Each

organism

has their own unique DNASlide14

Evolution

Change in living things over time.

Fossil record

Genetic comparisons of species

Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt will die off. Slide15

Reproduction

Goal= produce new individuals

Pass DNA to offspring

Two types- sexual and asexual

Single celled organisms take one cell and divide it into two through binary fission, regeneration or budding-> genetic DNA is IDENTICAL to parent.

Multicellular-> sexually through mitosis and meiosis. Slide16

Examples

Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and taking them back in. Why?

Remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development.

The male seahorse carries offspring

Elephant gestation is 22 months

Killer whale gestation is 16 months

Human gestation is 10 monthsSlide17
Slide18

Homeostasis

Maintaining constant internal conditions in an organism.

Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions.

How does a polar bear live in the arctic?

How can people be outside below freezing and still maintain a body temp of 98.6 F / 37 C?

Why do you shiver when you are cold?

Why do you sweat when it is hot?

Why is it important?-> Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal.

Maintained-> negative feedback= change in a system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.Slide19

Growth and Development

Do you look the same today as the day you were born?

Body grows and changes over the course of 80 + years. Slide20

Systems!!!!!

What do you think of when you think of a system?

How is this class a system?

Teacher, students, books, materials = all interact to form a class or a system.

Structure and function are directly correlated…… but how? Slide21

Examples of systems

Car-> tires, engine, seats, etc…Different parts have different functions but they must all work together as a whole to work!

Eating-> bite into food with teeth, chew it with molars, all your teeth help but each set has a certain function.

Chemicals in cells-> membrane channels and enzymes are both made up of proteins. Do they have the same function / structure?

Brain cells vs. Red Blood cells. Brain = carries messages, red= carries oxygen-> both work together to keep the body going. If the brain does not have oxygen it cannot work properly. Slide22

Polar Bear Observation

Step 1- Observe the polar bear.

Step 2- What about the structure of the polar bears hair relates to how it functions?

Step 3- What other observations can you make about its structure, function, and homeostasis? Slide23

Step 2=

Thickness= insulation, hollow hair= traps air

Step 3=

Fat deposits, skin is black-> absorb heat, transparent hair-> looks white because it reflects visible light like snow does. Slide24

The Scientific Method!!!!

It’s not just a boring process. Slide25

Term or concept

Meaning

Example

Observation

Using the senses to study the world.

Darwin drew his finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.

Data

Information gathered. Qualitative or quantitative

Qualitative- descriptions like behaviors, smells, etc.

Quantitative- numbers- 50 whales in a pod

Hypothesis

Proposed answer for a scientific question.

See note example

Experiment

Study factors / variables to find the cause / effect relationships

Independent, dependent, or control variablesSlide26

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.

Location of plants:

window sill

Table

greenhouse

Dependent Variable

Observed and measured during an experiment = the experimental data

plant height

Number of leaves

Constant

The conditions that stay the same. They never change.

Each plant is given a 1/4 cup of water each day.

Theory

Explanation that is supported by a wide range of evidence

Theory of Evolution Slide27

The Scientific Method

Used to set up an experiment in order to test a hypothesis or solve a problem. Slide28

Steps

Make an observation

Ask a question / Research

Form a hypothesis

Experimentation

Collect data / Results

Analyze and Conclude

RepeatSlide29

Observation

Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous biological research and computers.

Inference= logical interpretation based on prior knowledge. Slide30

Which is it- observation or inference?

The skin is red?

The apple is edible.

There are seeds inside.

It can make you healthy.

It feels smooth.Slide31

Example

The white shark just jumped out of the water. Slide32

Conduct Research-

to gain knowledge about what your studying / researching

Periodicals

Research reports

Trade magazines- science news

Trade books

Dictionaries

Encyclopedias

Indexes

HandbooksSlide33

Ask a Question

Do other sharks jump out of the water

or just white sharks

?Slide34

Hypothesis

Not an EDUCATED GUESS- in science we don’t like to say that we are “guessing”

Prediction based on prior knowledge.

Typically use the words If and Then!

If

a

great white shark jumps out of the water when attacking their prey, then other sharks such as bull sharks should jump out of the water when attacking prey because they belong to the same family, therefore they should have similar behaviors.Slide35

Experiment

Try to find the cause and effect relationship.

A. Independent Variable-> What you, the experimenter changes or manipulates. Example- conditions= hot / cold

B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data). Example- height of the plant (you, the experimenter has zero control over how high that plant grows).

C.

Constants and

Control Variables->

constants are variables

that remain the

same, for example each plant receives 1 cup of water per day. Control variable=

wh

at

is normal, for example- keeping the plant at room temperature.Slide36

Data

Qualitative= descriptions using your senses

Quantitative= NumbersSlide37

Quantitative or Qualitative??

The orca breached out of the water. _______________

The ph remained neutral at 7.____________________

100 C= _______________________

Aurora borealis = ________________________

Red Tide= __________________________

35 ppt. =__________________________

The

otolith

of the fish had 25 rings= _______________

Dolphins are very social creatures. =_______________

A pod of 56 whales. ______________Slide38

Answers

Qualitative

Quantitative

Quantitative

Qualitative

Qualitative

Quantitative

Quantitative

Qualitative

Quantitative

QualitativeSlide39

Results

Statistical analysis

Statistically significant= the data showed an effect that is likely not due to chance.

Nonsignificant= the data shows no effect, or an effect so small that the results could have happened by chance.

Use data tables and graphs to represent data collected.Slide40

Analysis and Conclusion

Make sense of your experiment in words, submit a journal paper to your peers for review, and if it can be duplicated / repeated with the same results then your research could become published. Slide41

What happens if your hypothesis is wrong?

Try again, revamp your procedure / experiment. Slide42

Theory

Proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence. Provides explanations where scientific laws do not.

It can be added to or disproven

Ex- Theory of Evolution, Theory of Plate TectonicsSlide43

Scientific Law

A truth that is valid everywhere in the universe.

It does not provide any explanations like a theory does

Ex- the law of conservation of energy- energy may change form but it can’t be created nor destroyed.Slide44

Graphing and Measurements

X- axis / IV

Y-axis / DVSlide45

We use charts and graphs to:

Analyze the results and to provide visual summariesSlide46

Data Tables

Contains the numerical results of an experiment. Compiled before you make a chart or graph.

Color

of M&M in a bag

Frequency

Red

5

Green

2

Blue

4

Yellow

1

Brown

5Slide47

Line Graphs

Shows a relationship between two variables. Slide48

Bar Graphs

Compares quantitative / qualitative data. Slide49

Histograms

Show the frequency distribution of the data.

The bars touch!

Ex- using the numbers make a data table and histogram in your notes.

7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 36, 39, 43, 47Slide50

Histogram Data Table

Data

Range

Frequency

0-10

1

11-20

3

21-30

6

31-40

4

41-50

2Slide51
Slide52

Stem and Leaf Plot

Another way to present a frequency distribution.

Represents actual data point

Tens= “stem”

Ones= “leaves”

Stem

Leaf

0

7

1

2 2 8

2

2 4 6 7 8 9

3

1 6 6 9

4

3 7Slide53

Circle Graph

Shows data as proportions of a whole

“pie chart”- percentagesSlide54

The Metric System- see attached note sheets

IS- International System of Measurements

Used worldwide

Based on the metric system

Common units:

Length- Meters (m)

Volume- Liter (L)

Mass- Kilograms (kg)

Temperature- Kelvin (K)Slide55

Microscopes!!!!!!!!!!Slide56

Light or Compound Microscopes

What we use in the classroom- basic

Several lenses to increase magnification

Uses glass lenses to focus on a specimen.

Can be used on living or preserved specimens

Can magnify objects up to 1500 times their actual size.

Specimens are often stained with chemicals so that we can see them.

stomaSlide57

Dissecting Microscope

Stereoscope

Three dimensional image / view of the specimen

Essentially two compound microscopes that are focused on the same thing.

Low magnification so its hard to see individual cells- used for larger cells.Slide58

Scanning Electron Microscope

Narrow beams of electrons that scan the surface of the specimen

Usually the specimen is covered with a thin layer of metal such as gold that deflects the electrons from passing through the specimen and onto a computer where color is added.

stomaSlide59

Transmission Electron Microscope

Passes beams of electrons through the specimen and projects it onto a computerized screen where color is added.

Produces the best image because it magnifies the object so much.

stomaSlide60
Slide61

Parts of a Microscope

Nosepiece- holds the objective lenses above the stage and rotates so that all the lenses can be used.

Low Power Objective- magnifies an image 10X

Stage clip- holds the slide in place

Stage- supports the object being looked at.

Diaphragm- adjusts the amount of light passing through the slide and into the lens.

Light source- lights up the specimenSlide62

Eyepiece- contains a lens that magnifies the object 10X. You look through this to view the specimen.Body- separates the lens in the eyepiece from the other lens.

Arm- supports the body and this is where you hold it while supporting the base.

Scanning Objective- smallest lens and magnifies 4X

High Power Objective- largest lens and magnifies 40X

Fine Adjustment- dial used to focus in on the object when it’s on high power.

Course Adjustment- used to focus the image when it’s on scanning or low power.

Base- supports the scope. Slide63

Magnification

3 types- scanning, low, and high

Ocular lens

Total Magnification

Total Magnification

Total Magnification

Scanning

4x

10x

40x

Low Power

10x

10x

100x

High Power

40x

10x

400xSlide64

The End!!!!!!!

Review Next Class

Test Class After that!!!!!!!!!!!!