Vocab Introduction Term or Concept Meaning Example Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth Biodiversity Variety of life More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer Species ID: 715989
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Slide1
Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method! Slide2
Vocab Introduction!
Term or Concept
Meaning
Example
Biosphere
Everywhere life exists
Planet Earth
Biodiversity
Variety of life.
More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer!
Species
Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Homo sapiens
Orcinus orca
Tursiops truncatus
Biology
The study of all forms of life.
Bacteria -> Blue Whale
Organism
Individual living thing
YOU!!!!!
Cell
Basic unit of life.
Unicellular and multicellular-> bacteria to muscle cell.
Metabolism
Chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials.
Eat a burger = energy
Digestion= breaks down food. Slide3
Term or Concept
Meaning
Example
DNA
Genetic Material
Fingerprints
System
An organized group of related parts that work together to form a whole.
Body
Car
Ecosystem
Environment made up of living= biotic and abiotic= non-living things.
Abiotic= rocks, sand, water, sun
Biotic= plants and animals
Homeostasis
Maintain constant internal conditions.
Body temp.= 98.6 F
Evolution
Change over time
DNA, animal populations
Adaptation
An inherited trait that gives an organism an advantage and is passed to future generations. Can be physical or behavioral.
Webbed feet in ducks, wings, sharp teeth, whiskers, long beak, stripes, aerodynamic body. Slide4
Biodiversity- the variety of life
Life is found in the deep sea, in hot acidic water in Yellowstone, in tree bark, etc
It can be tiny like the honey pot ant or huge like the blue whale. Slide5Slide6Slide7
What makes an organism an organism?
They MUST have these 8 characteristics:
1. Made up of cells
2. Metabolism
3. DNA
4. Stimulus
5. Reproduction
6. Evolution
7. Homeostasis
8. Grow and developSlide8
Made up of Cells
The basic unit of life
Multicellular – many celled like us
Unicellular- one celled such as bacteria
Can be microscopic or macroscopic
Different cells have specialized functions. For example- your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.Slide9
Cells Cells Cells CellsSlide10
Metabolism
Chemical process that builds up or breaks down materials.
Every cell needs energy and is either obtained by eating food or from the sun.
Energy= the ability to cause a change or to do work.
Where do you get energy from?
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis-> uses chemicals to make food= hydrothermal vents
Photosynthesis= plantsSlide11
ChemosynthesisSlide12
Stimulus
All organisms must react in order to survive.
Organisms react to light, temperature, touch, sound
What happens to your eyes when you go from being inside to outside into the bright sunshine?Slide13
DNA-
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic material
Passed on through reproduction
Fingerprint, blood, toe print, tissue.
Each
organism
has their own unique DNASlide14
Evolution
Change in living things over time.
Fossil record
Genetic comparisons of species
Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt will die off. Slide15
Reproduction
Goal= produce new individuals
Pass DNA to offspring
Two types- sexual and asexual
Single celled organisms take one cell and divide it into two through binary fission, regeneration or budding-> genetic DNA is IDENTICAL to parent.
Multicellular-> sexually through mitosis and meiosis. Slide16
Examples
Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and taking them back in. Why?
Remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development.
The male seahorse carries offspring
Elephant gestation is 22 months
Killer whale gestation is 16 months
Human gestation is 10 monthsSlide17Slide18
Homeostasis
Maintaining constant internal conditions in an organism.
Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions.
How does a polar bear live in the arctic?
How can people be outside below freezing and still maintain a body temp of 98.6 F / 37 C?
Why do you shiver when you are cold?
Why do you sweat when it is hot?
Why is it important?-> Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal.
Maintained-> negative feedback= change in a system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.Slide19
Growth and Development
Do you look the same today as the day you were born?
Body grows and changes over the course of 80 + years. Slide20
Systems!!!!!
What do you think of when you think of a system?
How is this class a system?
Teacher, students, books, materials = all interact to form a class or a system.
Structure and function are directly correlated…… but how? Slide21
Examples of systems
Car-> tires, engine, seats, etc…Different parts have different functions but they must all work together as a whole to work!
Eating-> bite into food with teeth, chew it with molars, all your teeth help but each set has a certain function.
Chemicals in cells-> membrane channels and enzymes are both made up of proteins. Do they have the same function / structure?
Brain cells vs. Red Blood cells. Brain = carries messages, red= carries oxygen-> both work together to keep the body going. If the brain does not have oxygen it cannot work properly. Slide22
Polar Bear Observation
Step 1- Observe the polar bear.
Step 2- What about the structure of the polar bears hair relates to how it functions?
Step 3- What other observations can you make about its structure, function, and homeostasis? Slide23
Step 2=
Thickness= insulation, hollow hair= traps air
Step 3=
Fat deposits, skin is black-> absorb heat, transparent hair-> looks white because it reflects visible light like snow does. Slide24
The Scientific Method!!!!
It’s not just a boring process. Slide25
Term or concept
Meaning
Example
Observation
Using the senses to study the world.
Darwin drew his finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.
Data
Information gathered. Qualitative or quantitative
Qualitative- descriptions like behaviors, smells, etc.
Quantitative- numbers- 50 whales in a pod
Hypothesis
Proposed answer for a scientific question.
See note example
Experiment
Study factors / variables to find the cause / effect relationships
Independent, dependent, or control variablesSlide26
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.
Location of plants:
window sill
Table
greenhouse
Dependent Variable
Observed and measured during an experiment = the experimental data
plant height
Number of leaves
Constant
The conditions that stay the same. They never change.
Each plant is given a 1/4 cup of water each day.
Theory
Explanation that is supported by a wide range of evidence
Theory of Evolution Slide27
The Scientific Method
Used to set up an experiment in order to test a hypothesis or solve a problem. Slide28
Steps
Make an observation
Ask a question / Research
Form a hypothesis
Experimentation
Collect data / Results
Analyze and Conclude
RepeatSlide29
Observation
Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous biological research and computers.
Inference= logical interpretation based on prior knowledge. Slide30
Which is it- observation or inference?
The skin is red?
The apple is edible.
There are seeds inside.
It can make you healthy.
It feels smooth.Slide31
Example
The white shark just jumped out of the water. Slide32
Conduct Research-
to gain knowledge about what your studying / researching
Periodicals
Research reports
Trade magazines- science news
Trade books
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
Indexes
HandbooksSlide33
Ask a Question
Do other sharks jump out of the water
or just white sharks
?Slide34
Hypothesis
Not an EDUCATED GUESS- in science we don’t like to say that we are “guessing”
Prediction based on prior knowledge.
Typically use the words If and Then!
If
a
great white shark jumps out of the water when attacking their prey, then other sharks such as bull sharks should jump out of the water when attacking prey because they belong to the same family, therefore they should have similar behaviors.Slide35
Experiment
Try to find the cause and effect relationship.
A. Independent Variable-> What you, the experimenter changes or manipulates. Example- conditions= hot / cold
B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data). Example- height of the plant (you, the experimenter has zero control over how high that plant grows).
C.
Constants and
Control Variables->
constants are variables
that remain the
same, for example each plant receives 1 cup of water per day. Control variable=
wh
at
is normal, for example- keeping the plant at room temperature.Slide36
Data
Qualitative= descriptions using your senses
Quantitative= NumbersSlide37
Quantitative or Qualitative??
The orca breached out of the water. _______________
The ph remained neutral at 7.____________________
100 C= _______________________
Aurora borealis = ________________________
Red Tide= __________________________
35 ppt. =__________________________
The
otolith
of the fish had 25 rings= _______________
Dolphins are very social creatures. =_______________
A pod of 56 whales. ______________Slide38
Answers
Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative
QualitativeSlide39
Results
Statistical analysis
Statistically significant= the data showed an effect that is likely not due to chance.
Nonsignificant= the data shows no effect, or an effect so small that the results could have happened by chance.
Use data tables and graphs to represent data collected.Slide40
Analysis and Conclusion
Make sense of your experiment in words, submit a journal paper to your peers for review, and if it can be duplicated / repeated with the same results then your research could become published. Slide41
What happens if your hypothesis is wrong?
Try again, revamp your procedure / experiment. Slide42
Theory
Proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence. Provides explanations where scientific laws do not.
It can be added to or disproven
Ex- Theory of Evolution, Theory of Plate TectonicsSlide43
Scientific Law
A truth that is valid everywhere in the universe.
It does not provide any explanations like a theory does
Ex- the law of conservation of energy- energy may change form but it can’t be created nor destroyed.Slide44
Graphing and Measurements
X- axis / IV
Y-axis / DVSlide45
We use charts and graphs to:
Analyze the results and to provide visual summariesSlide46
Data Tables
Contains the numerical results of an experiment. Compiled before you make a chart or graph.
Color
of M&M in a bag
Frequency
Red
5
Green
2
Blue
4
Yellow
1
Brown
5Slide47
Line Graphs
Shows a relationship between two variables. Slide48
Bar Graphs
Compares quantitative / qualitative data. Slide49
Histograms
Show the frequency distribution of the data.
The bars touch!
Ex- using the numbers make a data table and histogram in your notes.
7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 36, 39, 43, 47Slide50
Histogram Data Table
Data
Range
Frequency
0-10
1
11-20
3
21-30
6
31-40
4
41-50
2Slide51Slide52
Stem and Leaf Plot
Another way to present a frequency distribution.
Represents actual data point
Tens= “stem”
Ones= “leaves”
Stem
Leaf
0
7
1
2 2 8
2
2 4 6 7 8 9
3
1 6 6 9
4
3 7Slide53
Circle Graph
Shows data as proportions of a whole
“pie chart”- percentagesSlide54
The Metric System- see attached note sheets
IS- International System of Measurements
Used worldwide
Based on the metric system
Common units:
Length- Meters (m)
Volume- Liter (L)
Mass- Kilograms (kg)
Temperature- Kelvin (K)Slide55
Microscopes!!!!!!!!!!Slide56
Light or Compound Microscopes
What we use in the classroom- basic
Several lenses to increase magnification
Uses glass lenses to focus on a specimen.
Can be used on living or preserved specimens
Can magnify objects up to 1500 times their actual size.
Specimens are often stained with chemicals so that we can see them.
stomaSlide57
Dissecting Microscope
Stereoscope
Three dimensional image / view of the specimen
Essentially two compound microscopes that are focused on the same thing.
Low magnification so its hard to see individual cells- used for larger cells.Slide58
Scanning Electron Microscope
Narrow beams of electrons that scan the surface of the specimen
Usually the specimen is covered with a thin layer of metal such as gold that deflects the electrons from passing through the specimen and onto a computer where color is added.
stomaSlide59
Transmission Electron Microscope
Passes beams of electrons through the specimen and projects it onto a computerized screen where color is added.
Produces the best image because it magnifies the object so much.
stomaSlide60Slide61
Parts of a Microscope
Nosepiece- holds the objective lenses above the stage and rotates so that all the lenses can be used.
Low Power Objective- magnifies an image 10X
Stage clip- holds the slide in place
Stage- supports the object being looked at.
Diaphragm- adjusts the amount of light passing through the slide and into the lens.
Light source- lights up the specimenSlide62
Eyepiece- contains a lens that magnifies the object 10X. You look through this to view the specimen.Body- separates the lens in the eyepiece from the other lens.
Arm- supports the body and this is where you hold it while supporting the base.
Scanning Objective- smallest lens and magnifies 4X
High Power Objective- largest lens and magnifies 40X
Fine Adjustment- dial used to focus in on the object when it’s on high power.
Course Adjustment- used to focus the image when it’s on scanning or low power.
Base- supports the scope. Slide63
Magnification
3 types- scanning, low, and high
Ocular lens
Total Magnification
Total Magnification
Total Magnification
Scanning
4x
10x
40x
Low Power
10x
10x
100x
High Power
40x
10x
400xSlide64
The End!!!!!!!
Review Next Class
Test Class After that!!!!!!!!!!!!