BAMBOO: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

BAMBOO: Poor Man’s Gold

“Bestow upon us a hundred

Bamboo clumps”

-Rig VedaSlide2

CONTENTS:CharacteristicsSupply

Demand

Policy & Legislation

LivelihoodEnvironmentCase StudiesRecommendations

2Slide3

CharacteristicsTree like, woody grass

136 species ( 36 genera in India)

Versatile & highly renewable resource

Short Growth cycle (commercially imp species mature in 4-5yrs)Up to 30 days - BB shoots as food B/w 6-9 months - for basketry

B/w 2-3 yrs -for laminates &boards

B/w 3-6 years - for construction

Source of Energy

Hardy, Light and flexible sought for nutritional and environmental valueSlide4

TRIVIA

Hiroshima , 1945: BB provides first re-greening after atom bomb blasts

Limon, Costa Rica: Only BB houses from the National BB Project survive violent earthquake of 1992

A. Bell’s first phonograph needle was made of BB

Some species of BB grow @ 1.5 m/day

Tensile Strength of Bamboo is greater than that o mild steel

Taiwanese comp launched first ever laptop with outer casing made from BB

Edison success

-fully used a carbonized BB filament in his experiment with the first light bulb

Polo balls made from BB rhizome

A bicycle

Artificial teeth

Mahatma Gandhi set out on his famous Dandi march armed with his conviction and BB stave!Slide5

Supply SideArea: 8.96 m ha ( 12.8% of forest area)

28% of area and 66% of growing stock of bamboo in NE region 

20% of area and 12% of growing stock in MP & Chattisgarh

Grows in all parts of India except Kashmir valleySecond Richest country after China in Bamboo resources Availability of Bamboo Growing Stock: 80.43 m MT,

Annual Harvest: 13.5 m MT (demand: 27 m MT)

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Supply IssuesPoor management and low productivity ( forest areas: 1tonne/ha of avg. production

Large bamboo forests under protected areas with no harvesting

Ban on felling and restriction on use in many districts

Lack of intensive managementOverexploitation, fires, grazingFlowering patternsSlide7

Demand Side1500 documented uses

Wood Substitutes & Composites/ Industrial Use & Products/ Food products/ Construction & Structural Applications

India’s Share in current for BB : Rs. 2043/ 50, 000 cr*

Bamboo industry can grow to Rs. 16,000 cr by 2012 and Rs. 26,000 cr by 2015The industry is expected to earn about USD 5.7 bn in revenues by 2015India looking at capturing 27% of this marketSlide8

SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSES

Vast resources

Bamboo from the North East are hard

and durable Cane and Bamboo handicraft has good marketIndia has strong roots in handicrafts Labor cost is low Bamboo is less versatile than thebamboo from China Finished products from the other Asian countries are superior Lacks aesthetic appeal &Quality control

In controlling cost, Quality is low Product is bulky and transportation cost is high Industry

and cultivators yet to recognize potential

OPPORTUNITUES

THREATSMarket for Bamboo Gazebo can be developed Development in design and quality of handicraft products There is scope for creating category product market

There will be strong competition from other Asian countries.Established players like China & TaiwanPoor treatment procedures may lead to

loss. Treatment should be standardizedSlide9

POLICY ENVIRONMENT

Demand & Supply

Shortfall in supply even for current demand

Location of industry away from growing areas

Unscientific and Inefficient use

Shortage of quality bamboo or sustained supply

Paper & Pulp ind. Importing wood pulp worth Rs. 3500 cr

Illegal Smuggling to Bangla. and Mymr. & Nepal – Rs.255crSlide10

Policy FeaturesObjective

Formulation

Execution

Laws promulgated to extend state control extraction of forest produce esp. timber 1988 FP marked change Definitional anomalies-

of BB & Forests Lack of harmonization of

laws

Extensive

regulation Tedious procedures Red Tapism Inefficiency

Rent seeking behavior

Central Laws

Court Judgments

Indian Forest

Act (1927)

Definition of tree includes BB

Harvested BB is timber

Forest Produce : (a) Timber regardless of where it originates

(b) Plants not being trees which originate from forest

Act 2006 classifies BB as NTFP ( minor)

Supreme Court:

BB is grass thus felled

BB is not timber

BB removed from non forest areas including pvt lands are not forest produce

Areas under pvt plantations are not forests & will be guided by State LawsOrissa HC: Irrespective of BB being tree or grass BB originating in pvt land not FPSlide11

Most bamboo is located on government owned lands, Government ownership of forests has been well established in both forest laws and policies. Forest Dept : 93% Revenue Dept: 4 % Private landowners: 3% of forest areaOn its land govt pays unskilled day laborers to manage 4-year rotations of BB

Amendment of the 1988 Forest Act, the government restricted the role of the private sector on government forestlands.

FP 1988 shifted it key focus of promoting forest industry and extraction of natural resources to almost exclusively being managed for ecological services and meeting community needs

Only local communities are currently treated as stakeholders in managing govt forests and have now been granted rights to NTFP*Government introduced the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program- bamboo forestlands have not been brought under JFM

Since granting greater authority to communities necessarily entails a reduction in power by the state there has been bureaucratic resistance

BB Forests

on govt. land

BB forests

on pvt. land

BB on pvt plantations

Lack of tenure security

Lack of full and equal rights

Lack of free market mechanismsSlide12

State Wise StudyPrior to 1976 forests a State Subject, now in Concurrent

Most states have Primary Acts on forests modeled on IFA or rules with the IFA as the primary reference

use and management of pvt BB forests is governed either by separate Private Forest Acts or by provisions in the State Forest Acts

10/ 19 states have State Laws/ Acts for Pvt. Forests2 States -Andhra Pradesh & Sikkim do not follow definitional pattern of IFANagaland is a spcl. case-majority forests are pvt. Forests. All regulatory req.s have been removed

1

Kerala

2

Gujarat

2

Madhya Pradesh

4

West

Bengal

5

Maharashtra

5

Uttar Pradesh

6

Bihar& Jharkhand

6

Orissa

6

Tamil Nadu

10

Karnataka

Index of RegulationSlide13

Implications

Potential largely unrealized under this set-up

Unorganized Subsistence BB economy

Productivity in govt owned forests is lower than potential compared to other countries & that in homesteadsPolicies Distort incentives: Cost of 1 Pole of Dendrocalamus Strictus

: Rs.10 Cost on reaching Hyderabad City: Rs. 40/Pole

BB has to compete with other agricultural/ food crops which are subsidized / Inferior good

existing restrictions limit the effort and input provided by the owners to increase the productivity of pvt. lands

PEOPLE

Industry

Forest

Dept

.

Politicians

Why

MoEF

could oppose lifting of restrictions:

Could encourage illegal felling & extraction from govt. forests

Loss of royaltySlide14

New ApproachEarlier BB was considered a minor forest product compared to wood and therefore did not receive the kind of support from government as other forest res

Mission Approach adopted- National Bamboo Mission

Micro Missions under different Ministries. Important among them-

M.M on Technology Development/ Policy/ Marketing/ Trade& DevelopmentRequires a mammoth coordination effortOverlapping Jurisdictions

25 different institutions including 5 ministries have been roped in

Underlying Forest management system also needs to changeSlide15

Livelihood Current Status

Bamboo Sector generates 432 Mn workdays annually

Bamboo based handicrafts employs 10 million people

Women constitue a majority of the map weaving and Bamboo crafts workBamboo mat production in India generates 3 mn workdays annually

Out of 68 million tribal population, 50% depend on NTFPs for their livelihood requirement

Traditional uses- support agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, sericulture and in small industries

Targets and Issues

Unavailibility of raw materials for artisans & NTFP for forest dependent communities

Cross Subsidization of poorTraditional communities moving away from BB Crafts

Can generate employment or unskilled, semi skilled and skilled workers

Target was 8.6 mn jobs (new) and uplifting 5.01 mn BPL families

New Bamboo Plantations ( forest and non forest areas)

In the long run establishment of new industries can generate employment to 50 mn peopleSlide16

EnvironmentUses

Reduces Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere*

Lowers light intensity, protects against UV rays- acts as atmospheric and soil purifier

Versatile high yield renewable natural resource Substitute for wood- grows faster, less water req.Prevents soil erosion

Food source, has anti tioxidant medicinal value

Source of energy- foremost in Biomass prodn. ( burnt directly) or gasification of Bamboo

Benefits

Offset climate change factors*Rehabilitation of degraded land, controlling landslides, floods, protection of sea banks, riverbanks, damsites etc.

Can be used for Watershed developmentAs a substitute for wood- will mitigate pressure on natural forests

New innovative bamboo products can replace products made from non biodegradable material

Ensure nutritional security for rural people

Clean renewable source of energySlide17

CASE STUDY: ChinaRecognized as Kingdom of Bamboo

5 mn ha of Bamboo resources

Total Bamboo production value over US $ 6 billion (export value- US $ 600 mn)*

First mover AdvantageResult of 4 decades of effortsPost 1985 old system of state procurement abolishedMkt for BB opened completely prices determined by SS & DD

Export & pvt enterprise culture

Facilitate formation of Dragon head enterprises

Bamboo industry zones

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Development SequenceSlide19

Comparative StudyChina

India

Ownership & Management Rights with individuals

O & M rights not clearly defined. Differ from state to state

BB related Institutional Arrangements cover all aspects

Till recently the institutions focused on dist of BB to local and industrial units. NBM, NMBA, CTBC etc launched

Organizational Arrangements for Bamboo Management- Multi layer and Multi regional ( Forestry Bureau also follows the same form

Administrative structure U form- Independent forest

depts exist only at the state level

Local level govts

have little bargaining power but greater autonomy. Ability to design dynamic institutions

Institutions designed at the state level. Institutional inertia, attitudinal inertia and non-accountability

Mkt

Research and Product diversification- pvt enterprises put great emphasis on

mkt

research. Responds to world demand. Consumer items+ new industrial items

Till recently even basic data

abt

BB was absent. Traditional products, Industrial use limited to PulpSlide20

ChinaIndiaIn BB – dominant areas BB has played a critical role in poverty eradication

BB mainly used for benefit for

ind

. Org.s ( pulp mills) & subsistence at village levelsDiverse ownership and management arrangements, all units compete for BB ( raw material) in an open competitive mkt. State has no role to play in supply to these units

In some states industrial units still dependent on state for supply of raw materials so are rural artisans. Classic case of cross subsidization of rich by poor

Institutional

Arrangements are:

Complete

Decentralized

Diverse

Flexible

Responsive to local needs

Responsive to other subsectors

Aimed at equity consistent economic efficiency

Institutional

Arrangements are:

Partial

Centralized

Narrow

Full of rigidities

Non

responsive to local needs

Non responsive to other sub sectors

Aimed at profit maximization of

ind

. Units and subsistence of poorSlide21

Case Study: StatesBB based livelihood, the

Sindhudurg

Model ( Konkan region, Maharashtra): Traditional BB working communities are SCs

Widespread use of plastic has reduced demand and limited opportunitiesDev of BB based craft & Ind. Requires relatively low capital, raw material, tools and machinery inv. Compared to other handicraft activitiesKonkan Bamboo& Cane Dev Centre ( KONBAC) & Univ Dept of Life Sciences, Univ of Mumbai Initiated a community based BB dev Prog.

Estb. & demonstration of 1 Community - based BB treatment Plant

BB Furniture Manufacturing Unit

BB based marketing Hubs ( BAMHU)

Passenger Resting Shade at Ratnagiri Rlwy. Station

First ever All BB ResortSlide22

Case Study: States

Tamil Nadu Contract Farming Model: Mismatch of demand and Supply at Paper mills lead to massive wood pulp import.

TN Newsprint and Papers ( TNPL) initiated farm and agroforestry programmes through tri and quad partite models

A contract in this case is an agreement btw growers & processors. CF is viewed to benefit user agency by ensuring sustained raw material supply

In the age of liberalization & Globalization there is a danger that small scale farmers will find it difficult to fully participate in the market economy. In many cases small farmers could be marginalized as

large

farms become more profitableInvolves increasing area under farm and forestry plantation through industrial participation

Key reasons for failure of industrial plantation schemes are non involvement of local people, lack of assured buy back and minimal support priceThis constraint can be overcome through contract farming systemSlide23

Research Ins.Slide24

CASE STUDY: (APIL)Features

Converted from Plywood factory to BB board manufacturing unit

1996 (Ban on timber by SC)

FIPPI agreed to convert it into a bamboo board industryFaced numerous procedural handicapsFactory closed 18 times during conversion process due to different interpretations of the SC order by different forest officers

Functioned regularly from 2006 intervention by PC

Ancillary units in remote villages with a buyback arrangement

Lessons

Procedural impediments must go

Systematic not piecemeal approach to be adopted

Takes care of demand supply problemlocal entrepreneurship and sustainable livelihood opportunities for local populace

E.g. Agreement to procure mats from 38 villages in Nagaland ( earlier supplying 700->10,000 units/month

Req. of 1 lakh mats can generate employment to 33,000 persons ( 90% of mat makers are women)

More than 100% value addition in Splint manufacturing unitsSlide25

CASE STUDY: Individuals

Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management (APCFM) project

Implemented by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department (APFD), with funding support from the World Bank50.000 ha of degraded BB forests targeted for treatment . Target exceeded by 10 %

Community level manufacturing facilities ( for incense sticks) generate 1 mn man days/ annum

Annual turnover of Rs.16 crore

Fetches revenue of Rs. 18,000 per tonne as against Rs. 500 per tonne realized from pulp and paper millsSlide26

I am the Vice Chairperson Van

Samrakshana

Samithi

(VSS) in

Chinthapally

village of

Adilabad District (Andhra Pradesh). I am one of 91 women members. I earn Rs. 50-60/ day making agarbathi sticks from bamboo slats. This arrangement suits me as I can supplement the household income working at my own pace and completing my household chores too. Importantly the correct wages are paid regularly……The opportunity to generate income legally from forest produce has created a vested interest for the community to nurture and maintain the forests. This

inturn has extended the State’s forest management capacity to such an extent that it is keen to create more VSSs& CFCs…

Muthamma now has a regular income, which she now earns from the security of her

neighbourhood

and her home, a life of dignitySlide27

Hi, my name is

Arif

. I work at the at the Common Facility Centre (CFC) in

Mancherial, Andhra Pradesh. I had spent a year idling after college before this opportunity came along. A four month training period later I was ready to start making bamboo slats on a regular basis. These slats are supplied to the women from nearby VSSs for making agarbatti sticks. I earn Rs. 150 on a good day and about Rs. 100 on a regular day. Though the work gets

repititve and also leads to backaches sometimes I am proud to be helping in the upkeep of my six member family…

There are many young men like me here, who used to

migrtae

to urban areas earlier in search of work. We would end up mostly underemployed or in worst case indulge in unlawful activities in desperation. Slide28

The Van

Samrakshana

Samithi (VSS), of which I am the Chairperson, was constituted with the formal consent of more than half the families in Rawanpally village, in Kagaznagar

, Andhra Pradesh. It was selected to be developed as a model village under the APCFM project. Of the total 88 VSSs in Kagaznagar

Division,

Rawanpally

is one of the 24 that use bamboo for income generation. Bamboo has provided the women a productive and remunerative leisure time activity of agarbatti stick making. All able-bodied VSS members lend their muscles and traditional knowledge for the upkeep of the forest. Trenching, earth moulding, pit digging, planting, pruning…they have work round the year. Another opportunity to work and earn in the vicinity of their homes.

Rawanpally VSS is fully into forest maintenance and conservation. “Wherever parts of the forest have been handed over to the villagers for conservation, they have developed a sense of ownershipSlide29

CASE STUDY: Communities

Bamboo artisan communities of Chattisgarh – Kandra & Basod (ST)

Issued Bamboo Ration Card for getting BB from govt. at lower rates

Articles like Mats, hats, baskets etc.They sell items themselves in Local weekly markets or through whole sellers and retailersMost shift away from BB handicraft Production as a source of livelihoodShortage &Poor quality of BB supplied on cards and high prices of BB available in the market are factors

Use of outdated and very laborious technologies & lack of proper & systematic marketing channels

Reg.

Basods

Actual Target

Propos-

ed Target

Available

Sold

5227

1500

(100%)

908.2

(60%)

556

(37%)

427.6

(28.5%)

Source of Income

Families (%)

Central

North

Southern

BB Craft

only

10%

5%

5%

Source of Income

Share

of Income

(%)

Central

North

Southern

BB Craft

only

60%

70%

40%Slide30

The North-East

Bamboo Flowering

Flowering of Melocanna bacciefera , Bambusa Tulda & Dendrocalamus longispathus in North East with its epicentre in Mizoram

Cycle of 48 years. The BB dies after flowering. Regeneration is a problem

Last occurred in 1959 lead to famine

Expected to reoccur btw 2004-07

26 MT ( of which 10 MT accessible) will be available if harvested before flowering

failure of the then Assam Govt. to adequately respond to the demands of famine relief requirements which resulted in insurgency in MizoramSlide31

PoliciesBAFFACOS, a five-year programmeEarly Harvesting of BB

Rodent Control

Agricultural Diversification

The Govt of Mizoram declared the Mautam

as a disaster in 2007lifting of ban on export of

muli

bamboo & removal of harvesting and Felling restrictions on Forest and Non forest areas in NE

The Achievement Report on BAFFACOS at variance with ActionAid Study

Accusations of Corruption and Misreporting. Sporadic protests

Status & Potential

Reviving Closed Paper & Plywood Factories

BB Shoot industry great export potential

Mostly non-clump forming BB

Smuggled BB can fetch 2.6 times the value of raw BB

Special BB zone : Boost to local handicrafts ( tribals) & new age itemsSlide32

“Bamboo Sector has to be ‘liberalised’ and it should be treated as a plantation and Horticulture crop without any restriction on its movement and felling for commercial purposes”

***

“Bamboo is often called the ‘Orphan’ crop as in the Government no Department or Agency has taken up its potential in a holistic manner”

***

Planning Commission, 2003

“QUOTE UNQUOTE”Slide33

Way Ahead...

Allow forces of demand and supply to operate

Undertake market complementary interventions

Incentivise prod Remove informational asymmetries

Facilitate expansion of markets ( incl promoting exports)Result: EFFICIENT OUTCOME

Indicator: Productivity and opportunities not lost ( DD-SS gaps)

Improve on outcome by incorporating livelihood and env. concerns

Contract Farming: provide people friendly legal framework Tribal Artisan communities/ Forest dependent: R&D activities to allow them to access markets & develop new products, introduce best practices

Result: EFFICIENT & EQUITABLE OUTCOMEIndicator: Employment levels, Poverty alleviation, Resource situation ,(relevant sections)

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RecommendationsSupply

SUPPLY

(govt.

land)

DEMANDPOLICY & LEG.

LIVELIHOOD

&ENV.

Resource Inventorization

and Monitoring Sustainable Harvesting & Best Collection/Non Destructive Practices

Training of

JSS members

Scientific Regeneration

Handling the phenomena of gregarious flowering effectively

Promoting the use of bamboo and bamboo products in government infrastructure development and housing programs

Product Specific R&D/ Designing/ Range through design institutes

Marketing Strategy: Branding, Certification and Standard

codes

Amend

1927 Act

MoEF

should declare BB a grass

Bamboo to be clearly classified as NTFP and regulations in cutting, transport and use of bamboo should be relaxed

Orientation of People on Tribal Right Act in relation to NTFP harvesting and tenure rights

Creation of a

Bamboo

Board

Integrating BB based livelihood options into poverty alleviation programs that target SC/ST

popn

. like

NREGA

Rehabilitation of Plywood factories using Bamboo as raw material

Expansion of Handicrafts and Cottage & tiny industry- bamboo shoot production,

agarbattis

etcSlide35

Recommendations

SUPPLY

(

pvt. Land)

DEMANDPOLICY & LEG.

LIVELIHOOD

&ENV.

Managed Plantations should be encouraged Suitable agroforestry models developed Investment

in infrastructure to attract pvt. Investment Establish National Bamboo Institute

Promotional

Campaign

Market Information System

Relaxation of Taxation policies

Import Duty to be levied on imported pul

p in the short run

Credit made easily available for SMEs

Govt

to declare it a

horticulture crop

Farm grown Bamboo trade & transit rules need to be abolished

Include BB as a

Plantation crop wherever separate laws exist

Remove land ceiling restrictions

North East converted into Special Bamboo Zone

BB to be included

under JFM program and planted in degraded areas

Explore BB as a source of energy for rural Households

Policy

Make BB eligible for Carbon Credits

Scientific Harvest Policy to apply to

pvt

producers as wellSlide36

Thank you!