Mr Brock Lumber 2x4s are not actually 2 by 4 Lumber The lumber is cut 2 by 4 but after being planed and dressed the actual dimensions are 1 ½ by 3 ½ inches 1 inch boards are only planed and dressed to ¾ of an inch so a 1x4 is actually ¾ by 3 ½ ID: 537826
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Slide1
Construction Framing
Mr. BrockSlide2
Lumber
2x4s are not actually 2” by 4”Slide3
Lumber
The lumber is cut 2” by 4” but after being planed and dressed the actual dimensions are 1 ½ by 3 ½ inches.
1 inch boards are only planed and dressed to ¾ of an inch, so a 1x4 is actually ¾ by 3 ½
Any boards 8 inches or more are trimmed ¾ of an inch, so a 1x8 is actually ¾ by 7 ¼ Slide4
Lumber
1x4 = ¾ x 3 ½
2x4 = 1 ½ x 3 ½
2x 6 = 1 ½ x 5 ½
2x8 = 1 ½ x 7 ¼
2x10 = 1 ½ x 9 ¼
4x4 = 3 ½ x 3 ½
6x6 = 5 ½ x 5 ½
These sizes are very important when framing because if you add wrong you could throw everything off. Slide5
Lumber
1 x 12 x 1 = 1 board foot
Calculating Board Feet
T” x W” x L’
= Board Feet
12
Ex:
1 x 12 x 12
12 = 12 BFSlide6
Calculate the following
2 x 4 x 12
2 x 6 x 8
1 x 10 x 8
2 x 12 x 12
4 x 4 x 10
6 x 6 x 10
10 pieces 2 x 4 x 12
24 pieces 1 x 12 x 12Slide7
Wall Framing Slide8
Framing
The main wall supports in a wall are called
studs.
Studs are generally 2x4s, and are usually 8 or 9 feet long.
Studs are spaced on 16 inch centers to provide proper support.
Cripple Studs
are short studs cut to go under windows, and
trimmer studs
line the windows to support the Header. Slide9
Framing
A
Header
consists of two 2x4s turned edgeways with a strip of ½ inch plywood in between.
The purpose of the ½ inch plywood is to make the header the same thickness as the studs.
The
purpose of the Header
is to carry the weight of the ceiling and roof over window and door openings.
The
Header
should be cut to the length of the opening plus the two trimmer studs.
Ex: 34” opening = 37” (2 trimmers 1 ½ each)Slide10
Framing
At the base of the wall is the
Sole Plate
.
At the top of the wall is the
Top Plate
.
All of the studs are nailed at the bottom to the sole plate and at the top to the top plate.
After all of the interior and exterior walls are constructed and erected the 2
nd
or
double top plate
is nailed on.
The purpose of the double top plate is to tie the walls together and it should be nailed on in a way that accomplishes this. Slide11
Floors and stairs
Floor Joists are commonly 2x8s or 2x10s on a 16” spacing.
The floor joists support the structure and are very important.
¾” tongue and groove subflooring should be used over the joists.
Stairs can be cut out a 2x10. Specific stair layout is covered in Unit 39 pg 570.Slide12
TrussesSlide13
Trusses
The inclining or vertical pieces are the Top Cords.
The horizontal pieces that sit on top of your walls are the Bottom Cords.
Gussets are the metal or wood brackets used to fasten and hold the truss together.
Although not pictured in the diagram sometimes a Birds Mouth is notched into the truss where it would sit on the exterior wall. Slide14
Shingles
The most common residential roofing material is asphalt shingles. Slide15
Shingles
A standard asphalt shingle is 36” or 3 feet long.
Each shingle has 3 tabs, so each tab is 12” or 1 foot long.
A Square of shingles consists of 3 bundles and covers 100 square feet.
A starter strip is laid first under the first row of shingle to fill in between the tabs of the first row.
3 inches of shingle should be exposed on the 1
st
row, and 5 inches on each row thereafter. Slide16
Framing Nails
16d nails are used to nail floor joists, studs and rafters.
16d nails are 3 ½ inches long and provide more strength for the thick lumber used in framing.
8d nails are used to nail plywood.
8d nails are 2 ½ inches long, that is all that is necessary because plywood is generally ¾ or less.