Debra Coram Troxell NBCT Political Geography is Power Pre1970s Spatial Determinism traditional Political Geography Today Goal is to overcome Spatial Determinism States and borders exert less influence in terms of people politics and places ID: 421245
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IV. C. Changes & Challenges to Political-Territorial Arrangements
Debra Coram Troxell, NBCTSlide2
Political Geography is Power
Pre-1970s – “Spatial Determinism” (traditional Political Geography)Today – Goal is to overcome “Spatial Determinism”States and borders exert less influence in terms of people, politics and places
ISIS, al-Qaeda, UN, EU, transnational corporations, gerrymandering (GIS)Slide3
1. Changing Nature of Sovereignty
Early People: Tribes behaved territorially but not exclusively – held sway over people but no collective agreement among rulers about how territory would be organized or what rulers could do within their respective domains (deBlij 241) Westphalian System: 1648 Treaty of Westphalia gave rise of political-territorial power
Instead of societies defining territories; Territories define societies
“These new countries are artificial units, geographic expressions carved on the map by European imperialists. These are the units we have tried to turn into nations.” -Julius Nyerere, president of Tanzania 1971
Globalists_supr article in polit. Folder on EU being close to global governanceSlide4
1. Changing Nature of Sovereignty
Globalization has changed the face of sovereignty, with companies, people, and ideas now interacting across borders at a pace never seen before. With emerging intergovernmental organizations, such as the European Union, the definition of sovereignty is in flux.
http://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/dhp/14
/
Globalization of economies, transnational corps., outsourcing
International and supranational institutions
Trade blocs
WTO
EU
NGOs
International Migration and effective communication undermines the state as a cultural community
Increased nationalist and separatist movements in “culturally composite states
”Slide5
2b. Unification
East Germany – West GermanyHong Kong – ChinaNorth Korea – South KoreaSlide6
2c. Cooperation
Due to “economic globalization” & international cooperationSome of sovereign state’s traditional responsibilities and authorities are being diluted by
Higher-order political and economic organizations
Transnational corporations
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Which operate outside of nation-state jurisdiction
Transnationals corps. Limit the economic influence of individual countries
Internet & Cyberspace are not controlledSlide7
3.
Supranationalism & International AlliancesSlide8
Supranational Political Bodies
Associations of three or more states created for mutual benefit and to achieve shared objectives. Supranational organizations come into being when countries
give up a portion of their sovereignty (willingly)
in order to gain the
advantages of having a closer relationship
with their neighboring countries, politically, economically or culturally. Slide9
Goals of International Organizations
Political & MilitaryUnited NationsNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Warsaw Pact (1955 – 1991)
Organization of American States (OAS)
African Union (AU)Slide10
Goals of International Organizations
EconomicEuropean Union (EU)Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) – communist countries (1949 – 1991)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994 - ) Slide11
Political & Military OrganizationsSlide12
United Nations
1945 – original 49 members2014 – 193 membersSlide13
United Nations
The United Nations
The United Nations System is based on five active principal organizations:
UN General Assembly
UN Security Council
UN Economic and Social Council
UN Secretariat
International Court of JusticeSlide14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
Slide15
Non-member States
Taiwan (China)
Vatican City
Western Sahara (territory of Morocco)
Palestinian Territories
Tibet (China)Slide16
Sample United Nations Organizations
Sample of UN Organizations
UNDP - United Nations Development
Programme
UNIFEM - United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNV - United Nations Volunteers
UNEP - United Nations Environment
Programme
UNFPA - United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for
Refugees
UN-HABITAT - United Nations Human Settlements
Programme
UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund Slide17
Maritime boundaries
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):
Four zones:
Territorial sea – 12 nautical miles
Contiguous zone – 24 n.m.
Exclusive Economic zone (EEZ)-200 n.m.
High Seas or Global Commons Slide18
Map of Canada outlining the 200 mile exclusive economic zone (red line) and the possible limit of the extended continental shelf (white line). Slide19Slide20
After WWII – 16 member nations
Since fall of communism – some former Warsaw pact countries have joined
NATOSlide21
European Union
Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957.
Stronger in 1994
10 new members, joined, 2004
2015: 28 members
Turkey wants to join but have faced resistance.
Greece objects due to Cyprus
Objections due to human rights abuses of Kurds
Not “European” enoughSlide22
Notice
France & Germany
are members and use the Euro
UK & Romania
are members but do not use the Euro
Switzerland & Norway
are not membersSlide23Slide24
EU: Federal or Confederate?
Almost one-half of the total annual legislation in the United Kingdom now comes from the European Union.Power of Place: EUSlide25
Economic OrganizationsSlide26
Swaziland
Angola
UMA: Arab Maghreb Union
COMESA: Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa
CEN-SAD: Community of Sahel-Saharan States
EAC: E. African Com.
ECCAS: Eco. Com. of Central African States
ECOWAS: Eco. Com. of W. African States
IGAD: Intergovernmental Authority on Development
SADC: Southern Africa Dev. Com.
The Overlapping of Political & Economic MembershipSlide27
Trading BlocsSlide28
OPEC
The
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(
OPEC
) is a large group of
countries
[1][2] made up of
Algeria
,
Angola
,
Indonesia
,
Iran
,
Iraq
,
Kuwait
,
Libya
,
Nigeria
,
Qatar
,
Saudi Arabia
, the
United Arab Emirates
,
Venezuela
, and
Ecuador
(which rejoined OPEC in November 2007) Slide29Slide30
NAFTA
1993Designed to converge wealth between Canada, US, & MexicoIncrease in wealth for elite, decline in income for Mex. farmers, and job loss for US workers
Increase in maquiladorasSlide31
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian NationsFormed 1967To promote political and economic cooperation and regional stabilitySlide32
ASEAN
Components
Political-Security Community
Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights
Defence
Ministers Meeting, etc.
Economic Community
Free Trade Area
Ministers on Energy Meeting
Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry, etc.
Socio-Cultural Community
Ministers Responsible for Culture & Arts
Education Ministers MeetingSlide33
ASEAN
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet NamSlide34
Asia Cooperation Dialogue
Gulf Cooperation Dialogue
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Turkic Council
Economic Cooperation Organization
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic CooperationSlide35
3b. International Alliances
“NATO, ASEAN, NAFTA and European Union”Slide36
4a. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces Slide37Slide38
The largest ethnic group as the percentage of total population.
* Dark yellow: 85% and above.
* Yellow: 65-84%.
* Light yellow: 64% and below;
* Blue: Traditional ethnic definitions do not apply. Ethnicity is replaced by color of skin.
(Source: WFB. Data as of 2000-2008). Slide39
Centripetal forces
Forces that promote national unity and solidarity.
The ultimate centripetal force is the nation’s
raison d’
ê
tre
:
Its ‘reason for being’
Every state must have a reason to exist:
Defending a culture or ideology
Standing up to a common enemy
Special status in the world
States that don’t have a raison
d’etre
try to create one to unify the people. Slide40
Centripetal forces
Raison d’etre
Nationalism
Unifying institutions
: schools, the armed forces and state churches.
*
Organization and administration of the government.
Transportation and communication –
strong core area
A perceived threat to a group’s sense of identity.Slide41
Examples of centripetal forces
Nationalism
is the primary source of group identity in the modern state.
It is the idea that a person derives a significant part of his identity from a sense of belonging to a nation.
States try to create allegiance to keep country stable: want their populace to accept the ideology, adhere to laws, participate in its operation.
Icons—flags, national sports teams, holidays, statuesSlide42
Centrifugal forces
Forces that disrupt internal order and further the destruction of a country.
Ethnic conflicts
; competing claims among ethnic groups.
Religion
Poorly run
government and/or transportation systems.
A
dissident minority
seeking autonomy
Large population in frontier area
Devolution
: transfer of power from the state’s central government. to separate political subdivisions within its territory.Slide43
Government systems and
Cultural Diversity
Homogenous populations
with similar languages, religions and shared history—a single identity—are best governed as
unitary states
. Reaction by the people against unitary rule can generate strong centrifugal forces.
Heterogeneous populations
are best governed as
federal states
. Allowing people to govern themselves close to home can generate strong centripetal forces. Slide44
Size and shape
Can influence the viability of a state.The size may encourage unity or division
The shape may also encourage unity or division
Thus either size or shape have the potential to generate centrifugal or centripetal forces.
Slide45
Centrifugal forces
Centripetal forces
Size
“Too big”
Or
“Too small”
“Just right”
Shape
“Too much like
Shattered glass”
Or “Too much like Swiss cheese.”
“Just the right shape”Slide46
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large Size
Large population:
more talent
large army
More natural resources
Economic self-sufficiency
Difficult to unify
Population: more spread out, more culturally diverse.
Transportation difficult
Everyone pays attention
Small Size
Easier to unify
Population is closer together
Less culturally diverse
Transportation easy
No one pays attention
Small population:
Less talent
Small defense force
Vulnerable to attack
Fewer resources
Economic vulnerability Slide47
Advances in Communication
https://stlaw.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/?appid=f7cdf93edd0b4079a379f9f6aba6c547# http://
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16212447
Slide48
#Revolution
Advances in Communication have facilitated devolution, supranationalism, democratization
Arab Spring, 2010
Egyptian Pres. Resigns tweets balloon from 23,000/day to 230,000/day
Top 23 videos received almost 5.5 million views
The Region engaged in an extend conversationSlide49
2a. Fragmentation
“indigenous areas”“autonomous lands affect political, social and economic processes”Slide50
4b. Devolution
“ethnic separatism”Time Permitting: Devolution hw (devolution_act) ESPN Power of Place: Velvet DivorceSlide51
DagestanSlide52
6a. Armed Conflicts - War
Ethnic Conflicts/GenocideAcquisition of Territory/ResourcesRussia – Ukraine
Iraq – Kuwait and oil
Falkland IslandsSlide53
6b. Terrorism
Mr. CraddockSlide54
What is Terrorism
US: premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agentsUN: intention to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. Slide55
Terrorism?
Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War ActivitySlide56
Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War
North Ossetia
Lebanon
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
India
France
Dagestan,Russia
Burma
New York
Istanbul, Turkey
Elazig Province, Turkey
Texas
Guinea
Blacksburg
Seattle
Uzbekistan
Grozny, Russia
Kosovo
Cote d’Ivoire
YemenSlide57
Definition cont.
Terrorism generally can be confined to three conceptsViolence
Fear
Intimidation
It is almost always targeted in the most public way against civilians in order to draw attention to the actSlide58
Number of Terrorism Incidents, 2000-2008Slide59
Types of Terrorism
Domestic – acts against one’s own country (Oklahoma City)International – acts that transcend national boundaries (9/11)
Subnational – acts committed by nongovernmental groups (Chechnya)
State – acts committed by agents of the government (Syria
– before ISIS, “passive support” of HAMAS, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad)Slide60
Major Terrorist Incidents
9/11 (2001)Munich Olympic Massacre (1972)
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)
Beirut Bombing (1983)
Mumbai (2008)
School Hostages in Russia (2004)Slide61
Categorize the Paris Charlie Hebdo attack
Charlie Hebdo must be veiledSlide62
Oklahoma City Bombing
April 19, 1995
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Bldg.
By Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
168 Died, 680+ Injured
American militia movement sympathizer (survivalist, anti-tax, etc)Slide63
Beirut, Lebanon (1983)
Mumbai, India (2008)
New York City (2001)Slide64
Types of Terrorism cont.
Bioterrorism – intentional release of toxic biological agents for the intent of terrorismCyberterrorism – usually an attack on information technology to disrupt an organization
Ecoterrorism – attacking disruptors of the environment in order to protect the environment.Slide65
Terrorist Groups
Basque Fatherland and Liberty (Spain)Irish Republican Army (N. Ireland)
HAMAS (Palestine)
Hezbollah (Lebanon; to resist Israeli occupation)
Palestinian Liberation Front (Palestine)
Sikh Terrorism (India)
Boko Haram (Nigeria)Slide66
Khalistan
BasqueSlide67
Palestinian StateSlide68
Al Qaeda
Established in 1989 by Osama bin LadenIs a fundamentalist organization seeking to rid Muslim nations of Westernization and secularism and replace with Theocracies.
Operates out of individual cells instead of as a formal organization.Slide69
Reactions to Terrorist Attacks
Reducing or addressing the cause of terrorism (Basque Spain)Increasing international cooperation in surveillance of subnational groups (Arab Gulf States)
Increasing security measures within the country (United States)
Using military means against terrorism (United States)Slide70
Ukraine Case Study?
NATO eastward expansion, the splintering of the EU over sanctions, and the idea of two Ukraines divided by language, religion, and economic development.
centripetal and centrifugal forces,
ethnic conflict,
core/periphery tensions, and
supranationalism vs devolution in contemporary Europe.Slide71
Crimea’s rapid Russification
means pride for some but perplexity for others