Levi Henry Introduction The medias role in American society Homan 2010 Male body Muscular low body fat percentage Leone Sedory amp Gray 2005 Female body Thin lean and fit Homan 2010 ID: 539348
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Slide1
The Media’s Portrayal of the Exceptionally-Fit Body and the Increase of Body Image Concerns within College Age Individuals
Levi HenrySlide2
Introduction
The media’s role in American society (Homan, 2010).
Male body- Muscular, low body fat percentage (
Leone,
Sedory
, & Gray, 2005
).
Female body- Thin, lean, and fit (Homan, 2010).
Internalization and acceptance = Body image concerns (Daniel & Bridges, 2010).Slide3
Background College students today, are a part of the first generation where media images saturate society, which creates competition (
Readdy
, Watkins, & Cardinal, 2011
).
Social mediaSlide4
Literature Review (Media Influence)
Media influence
“The ideal body
”
Male
versus femaleSlide5
Literature Review (Ideal Body)
Desire to change one’s body image to match that of the ideal body placed on society by the media is
increasing
(Homan, 2010; and Leone et al., 2005).
Standard
Internalization- the
cognitive approval of the cultural ideal of attractiveness (Homan, 2010).Body image disordersBody
comparison, insecurities, exercise dependence, poor dieting and the drive for muscularity (Daniel & Bridges, 2010). Slide6
Literature Review (Female Body Image)
Bulimia and anorexia nervosa- females
“Drive for thinness”
=Body image concerns/dissatisfaction
Modern ideal
female body
Thin, athletic/tone (some level of musculature)Slide7
Literature Review (Male Body Image)
Muscular
physique- ideal
body
Drive for muscularity
Males who are dissatisfied with their bodies, are susceptible to the opposite of anorexia nervosa, the condition known termed as bigorexia (Leone,
Sedory, & Gray, 2005).Muscle dysmorphiaSlide8
Literature Review (Muscle Dysmorphia)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder (Leone,
Sedory
, & Gray, 2005).
Uncontrolled fixation with gaining more muscle and becoming leaner.
“Drive for muscularity” is more common with males, but can exist in females as well.
Exercise addiction, social withdrawal, substance abuse, pharmaceutical use, and extreme diet.Slide9
Muscle Dysmorphia cont.
Limited research
Male bodybuilders- excluded from proposed study.Slide10
The Problem
Media images saturating society
Social media
Body image concerns growing
problem in our society today.
Psychological effects have yet to be elucidated.
Understanding the psychological variables that lead to increases in body image concern would be useful in limiting and treating these increases.Slide11
Purpose
Examine to what extent does the media’s portrayal of the exceptionally-fit body cause increases in body image concerns and body dissatisfaction in both college age males and females, as well as to examine how these increases influence the development of characteristics associated with muscle dysmorphia.Slide12
The Study
74 participants (36 males, 38 females)
Questionnaire packet (6 questionnaires)
Cultural attractiveness standards
Exercise habits and exercise dependence
Body comparisonDiet/supplement use
Drive for muscularityCharacteristics of muscle dysmorphiaSlide13
Hypothesis
The media’s
portrayal of the exceptionally-fit body
will
have a significant influence in causing an increase in body image concerns and body dissatisfaction in both college age males and females who internalize the media’s stereotype of attractiveness, as well as causing both sexes to develop characteristics associated with muscle dysmorphia.Slide14
Results
Demographic Questionnaire
Participants
Age
Exercise Motivation
Frequency
Experience
Preference
Male
36
24.06
Health
5+
days
5+
years
Resistance/Weight
Training
Female
38
24.50
Health
3-5 days
2-5 years
Resistance/Weight
TrainingSlide15
Results
Top Media Sources
Instagram
and
FacebookSlide16
Results
Independent-samples t test (SATAQ-3)Slide17
Results
Independent-samples t test (BCS)Slide18
Results
Independent-samples t test (MDI)Slide19
Results
Independent-samples t test (OEQ)Slide20
Results
Independent-samples t test (DMS)Slide21
Results
Correlations among internalization variables and subscales on BCS, MDI, OEQ, and DMS.
Internalization-General
= Weight and General appearance (BCS), and Exercise dependence (MDI).
Internalization-Athletic
= Muscular (BCS), Exercise dependence and Dietary behavior (MDI).Slide22
Results
Block-wise standard regression.
Internalization-general (IG) and Internalization-athletic (IA).
Weight comparison, 33.9% of variance in IG
Muscular comparison, 45.6% of variance in IG
Weight comparison, 21.3% of variance in IA
Muscular comparison, 30.5% of variance in IASlide23
Results
Block-wise standard regression.
Internalization-general
Males
vs
FemalesWeight comparisonMales- weight comparison, 30.2% of
varianaceFemales- weight comparison, 64.3% of varianceSlide24
Discussion
Purpose of study
Significant associations between internalization and body image concerns
Social media
Hypothesis = accepted and supportedSlide25
Discussion
Impact of social media
Instagram
and
Facebook
Body comparison=Internalization=Body image concernsSlide26
Discussion
Internalization-general/athletic
- similar for males and females.
Information
- similar for males and females.
Pressure- females feel a greater sense of pressure.
Supports research of Daniel and Bridges (2010)Supports research of Homan (2010)Slide27
Discussion
Body comparison
General aspects
(ears, nose, lips, hair, teeth, chin, shape of face, cheeks, forehead)- females.
Weight concerning
(stomach, buttocks, thighs, hips, calves)- females.
Muscle concerning (chest, back, shoulders, arms)- males.Supports research of Homan et al. (2012)Supports research of Homan (2010)Slide28
Discussion
Characteristics of Muscle
Dysmorphia
High degree of internalization
Size/
symmerty, physique protection, dietary behavior, and pharmaceutical use-
males.Exercise dependence and supplement use- similar for males and females.
Supports research of Readdy et al. (2011).Slide29
Discussion
Exercise habits
- similar for males and females.
High levels of internalization=negative exercise habits.
Supports past research of Daniel and Bridges (2012).Slide30
Discussion
Drive for muscularity
- males.
Females have the drive for muscularity, to a lesser degree.
Supports research of Daniel and Bridges (2010)
Supports research of Homan (2010)Slide31
Discussion
Correlation model
Internalization-general and Internalization-athletic
Weight concerns
Muscular concerns
General appearanceExercise dependenceSlide32
Discussion
Weight concerning body comparison=Internalization (general and athletic)
Weight concerning body comparison and muscle comparison= Internalization (general and athletic)
High degrees of body comparison= Internalization-generalSlide33
Limitations
Los Angeles County
Age group (18 to 27 year olds)
Emergence of social media
Active gym goersSlide34
Conclusion
Internalization
- main factor in determining higher levels of body image concerns, and is consistent with the research of Daniels and Bridges (2010).
Body comparison, negative exercise habits, the drive for muscularity, and other characteristics associated with muscle
dysmorphia
; ultimately leading to increases in body image concerns.Slide35
Conclusion
Males and females internalize similarly
Females compare general and weight aspects
Males compare muscle aspects
Males develop more characteristics associated with muscle
dysmorphia
Males and females have similar exercise habitsMales have a higher drive for muscularity, females do posses a drive for muscularityRise and impact of social media