Overview Behavior the nervous system response to a stimulus carried out by the muscular or hormonal system Based on physiological response Behavior can help animals Obtain food Find a partner ID: 1001147
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1. Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
2. OverviewBehavior- the nervous system response to a stimulus carried out by the muscular or hormonal systemBased on physiological response
3. Behavior can help animalsObtain foodFind a partner Maintain homeostasis
4. 51.1: Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviorsBehavior is a response to external and internal stimuliWhat does stimuli mean?
5. EthologyThe scientific study of
6. Proximate and ultimate causes of behaviorProximate- “how”Ultimate causation- “why”
7. Fixed action pattern (FAP)a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeableTriggered by Ex. Red underside of male stickleback fishWhat is an innate behavior?
8. Fig. 51-3(b)(a)
9. Taxis and Kinesis taxis - more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulusPositive vs. Negative (explain)
10. Kinesis is a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulusEx. Becoming more/less active in humid areas
11. Migrationa regular, long-distance change in locationSome animals
12. Circadian Rhythm Rhythms that occur on a daily cycle. Can you think of an example? Other types of cycles?
13. SignalsA behavior that causes a change in the behavior of another individual. Pheromones- chemical substances emitted by one individual affect other individuals (ex. Minnows alarm with injured minnows) Visual signals- can you think of one?Auditory signals – can you think of one?
14. Fig. 51-9Minnowsbeforealarm(a)Minnowsafteralarm(b)
15. Waggle danceHoneybees communicate the location and distances of a food source
16. Fig. 51-8cWaggle dance (food distant)(c)30°BeehiveABCLocationLocationLocation30°BAC
17. 51.2: Learning establishes specific links between experience and behaviorLearning the modification of behavior based on specific experiencesHow does that compare to innate behavior?
18. Questions1. If an egg rolls out of the nest, a mother graylag goose will retrieve it by nudging it with her beak and head. If researchers remove the egg or substitute a ball during this process, the goose continues to bob her beak and head while she move back to the nest. What type of behavior is this? Suggest a proximate and ultimate explanation. 2. How is migration based on circannual rhythms poorly suited for adaptation to global climate change? 3. Suppose you exposed various fish species to the alarm substance from minnows. Suggest why some species might respond like minnows, some might increase activity and some might show no change.
19. Habituation Simple learning through loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no informationFor example, Can you think of another example?
20. Imprinting A combination of learning and innate behaviorUsually irreversibleOccurs during a specific “sensitive period” what that particular behavior can be learned For example?
21. Fig. 51-10a(a) Konrad Lorenz and geese
22. Fig. 51-10b(b) Pilot and cranes
23. Spatial LearningComplex change in behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environmentEx.
24. Fig. 51-11PineconeNestEXPERIMENTRESULTSNestNo nest
25. Cognitive mapMental representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s environment. Ex.
26. Associative learning Animals associate one feature of their environment with anotherEx.
27. Classical conditioning What do you know about this?Type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishmentFor example?
28. Operant conditioning Type of associative learning when an animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment
29. Fig. 51-12
30. Cognition a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgmentWhat does that mean? Ex.
31. Problem solving Through trial and error, through observing other individuals.
32. Fig. 51-13
33. QuestionsHow might associative learning explain why unrelated distasteful or stinging insects have similar colors? Clark’s nutcrackers hide tens of thousands of seeds each fall, some of which they never retrieve. Why might there be an evolutionary advantage for the species if individuals forget the location of some caches? Suppose you designed an laboratory environment using just a few objects as landmarks. How might you position and manipulate the objects to determine whether an animal could use a cognitive map to remember the location of a food source?
34. 51.3: Both genetic makeup and environment contribute to the development of behaviorsCan you think of an example illustrating this point? Cross-fostering studies places the young from one species in the care of adults from another speciesTwins studies
35. Genetics and behaviorSometimes one master gene controls many behaviorsSometimes many independent genes contribute to a single behavior
36. QuestionsExplain why geographic variation in garter snake prey choice might indicate that the behavior evolved by natural selection.Why is it easier to identify mutations affecting courtship than those affecting other essential behaviors? 3. Suppose that a pair of identical twins reared apart behave identically 80% of the time when performing a particular activity. What additional information would you need to draw a conclusion about the genetic basis of the behavior?
37. 51.4: Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain most behaviorsGenetic components of behavior evolve through natural selectionHow so?
38. Foraging behavior Foraging, or food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food itemsOptimal foraging model views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining foodWhy does it have to be a compromise? What are the +/- of each side?
39. Fig. 51-19Average number of dropsTotal flight heightDrop heightpreferredby crows = 5.23 mAverage number of drops605040201003515255075100125Total flight height (number of drops drop height in m)Drop height (m)2730
40. Mating systems Promiscuous- no strong pair-bondsMonogamous- one male-one femaleCan you think of an example of each?
41. Polygamousan individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sexUsually exhibit sexual dimorphism (can you break that word down to figure out what it means?) Polygyny- one male-many femalesPolyandry- one female- many males Which do you think is the most rare? Which sex is typically more showy in both types?
42. Fig. 51-20b(b) Polygynous species
43. Fig. 51-20c(c) Polyandrous species
44. Evolution dictates the behavior (which type of mating behavior is most beneficial for the species?)
45. Which type of behavior would be best if offspring need a continuous supply of food?
46. Which type of behavior would be best if offspring are soon able to take care of themselves?
47. PaternityNever certain! Did you read that part in the textbook?Advantages of external fertilization… parental care is just as likely to be by males as by females.
48. We’ll talk about sexual selection and mate choice during the evolution unit Competition for mates involves Agnostic behavior Ritualized contest for who gets the resource/mate
49. Fig. 51-25
50. The part about game theory and frequency-dependent selection…
51. QuestionsWhy does the model of fertilization correlate to a large degree with the presence or absence of male parental care?Suppose a virus that infected a side-blotched lizard population killed many more males than females. How would the infection immediately affect the competition among the males for reproductive success?
52. 51.5: Inclusive fitness can account for the evolution of altruistic social behaviorNatural selection says evolution is based on an individual’s survivalEncourages selfish behaviorsEx. Male animals killing babies
53. Altruism What does altruism mean? In nature, when an animal behaves in a way that increase other’s fitness but decreases their own Ex. Belding ground squirrel alarm call. Naked mole rate nonreproductive males How does that affect fitness?
54. Fig. 51-27
55. Inclusive fitness is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
56. Reciprocal Altruism What do you think that means?
57. Social learning leads to culture Social learning is learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of cultureCulture is a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population
58. Case Study: Social Learning of Alarm CallsVervet monkeys produce distinct alarm calls for different predatorsInfant monkeys give undiscriminating calls but learn to fine-tune them by the time they are adults
59. Fig. 51-31
60. Fig. 51-UN1ImprintingLearning andproblem solvingCognitionSpatial learningSocial learningAssociative learning
61. QuestionsWhat is a possible explanation for cooperative behavior among nonrelated animals? If an animal were unable to distinguish close from distant relatives, would the concept of inclusive fitness still be applicable? ExplainConsider an individual past reproductive age, could there still be selection for an altruistic act?