1 Science and Scientific Questions 2 Types of questions and levels of analysis 3 Behavior what is it 4 Foundations upon which we will build 5 Approaches to the study of behavior 1 Science and Scientific Questions ID: 707710
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Slide1
Chapter 1:
Principles of Animal Behavior
1. Science and Scientific Questions
2. Types of questions and levels of analysis
3. Behavior- what is it?
4. Foundations upon which we will build
5. Approaches to the study of behaviorSlide2
1. Science and Scientific Questions
The Scientific
M
ethod
EthologySlide3Slide4Slide5
2. Types of questions and levels of analysisSlide6
Tinbergen, N. (1963)
On Aims and Methods of
Ethnology
.
Zeitschrift
für
Tierpsychologie
20:410-433. Slide7
3. Behavior- what is it?Niko Tinbergen (1952)
“The total movements made by the intact” animal1963 Nobel Prize
Lorenz,
Tinbergen
, and Von Frisch
“For
their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social
behaviour
patterns"
Konrad Lorenz
Karl von FrischSlide8
4. Three foundations upon which we will
buildAnimal behavior classes are filled with stories!But we need clear cut hypothesis testing and data gathering.
Natural Selection
shapes behavior through heritability
Individual Learning
alters frequency of behaviors within a single animal’s lifetime
Cultural Transmission
can allow newly learned behaviors to spread within populationsSlide9
In his 1859 book, On Origin of Species, Charles Darwin proposed the mechanism of natural selection to explain how life on earth has changed over geological time and how new species emerge from common ancestors. Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism of how populations change through time, or evolve. The five principal components of natural selection are as follows
:Organisms produce more offspring than will actually survive to reproduce.
Every organism struggles to survive.
There is variation within species.
Some variations among members of a species allow their bearers to survive and reproduce better than others.
Organisms that survive and reproduce pass their traits to their offspring, and the helpful traits gradually appear in more and more of the population.Slide10
Hawaii Island Crickets:
Evolutionary Tradeoffs
Marlene
Zuk
, UMN
Sex versus Survival…
hang out with your friends
The 'cheerleading effect‘ ?Slide11
Xenophobia in Common Mole Rats
Spinks, A.C., O'Riain, M.J., &
Polakow
, DA (1998). Intercolonial
encounters and xenophobia in the common mole rat,
Cryptomys
hottentotus
hottentotus
(
Bathyergidae
): the effects of aridity, sex, and reproductive status.
Behavioral Ecology, 9 (4), 354-359.
Common mole-rat1(10.5 to
16.5
cm) Thick grey to brown fur
B
ody
is cylindrical with short
appendages
Common
mole-rats have
un-grooved
chisel-like incisors that are used for
digging, feeding
and fighting
A
nimals that live in stable groups (social, underground rodents)trend to display a fear of “strangers” (unknown individuals from outside the one’s own group).
This is called xenophobia. It has been suggested that xenophobia may be strangest where resources are scarce.Slide12
Spinks et al (1998)found that individuals were more likely to reject a potential partner via aggression when both mole rats came from an arid* environment (green bars) with few resources rather than from a more resource-rich
mesic* environment (orange bars). However, opposite-sex aggression to strangers is less than same-sex interactions.
*Mesic
environments have about four time more rainfall than
arid
environments.Slide13
Individual LearningSlide14Slide15Slide16Slide17Slide18Slide19Slide20
Cultural
TransmissionSlide21Slide22Slide23Slide24Slide25
Conceptual Approaches
Direct Fitness
Indirect Fitness
Inclusive FitnessSlide26Slide27
Theoretical Approaches
Optimal Foraging StrategySlide28
Empirical
Approaches
Using the Scientific MethodSlide29
Sociobiology
1975