Joints Introduction to Joints - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Joints

Slide2

Introduction to Joints

A joint is a point of connection

between

two bones Strands of connective tissue, called ligaments, hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints

Slide3

Joint Classification

Joints are classified according to their

motion capabilities

:SyntharosesimmovableAmphiarthrosesSlightly movableDiarthroses

Allow

the

greatest amount of motion

Slide4

Joint Classification

Joints are further classified by the material

that joints

them:Fibrous jointAllow no movementE.g. sutures of the skullCartilaginous jointAllow

limited movement

E.g

. intervertebral disksSynovial joint

Allow

large

range of movementEg: Hip joint

Slide5

Characteristics of Synovial Joints

Hyaline cartilage

A protective layer of dense white connective tissue that covers the ends of the articulating bones Joint cavity Synovial membraneCovers joint cavity, except over the surfaces of articular

cartilages

Secretes the lubrication fluid

Synovial fluid

Lubricates

the joints CapsuleMay or may not have thickenings called intrinsic ligaments

Extrinsic

ligaments

Support the joint and

connect the articulating bones of the joint

Slide6

Types of Synovial Joints

There are three basic types of synovial joints:

Unilateral (rotation about only one axis) Biaxial joints (movement about two perpendicular axes)

Multiaxial

joints (movement about all

three

perpendicular

axes)

Slide7

Types of Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are further classified into:

Hinge joint Pivot joint Condyloid joint Saddle-­shaped joint Ball and socket joint

Plane

joint

Slide8

Types of Synovial Joints

Slide9

Hinge Joint

Uniaxial

Has

one articulating surface that is convex, and another that is concave

E.g

.

humero-­ulnar elbow joint

,

interphalangeal

joint

Slide10

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial

E.g

. head of radius rotating against ulna

Slide11

Condyloid (Knuckle) Joint

Biaxial (

flexion-­

extension, abduction-­adduction)The joint surfaces are usually ovalOne joint surface is an ovular convex shape, and the

other is a

reciprocally shaped

concave surface

Slide12

Saddle Joint

Biaxial (flexion-­extension,

abduction ­adduction

) The bones set together as in sitting on a horseE.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Slide13

Ball and Socket Joint

Multiaxial

rotation (rotation in all planes)A rounded bone is fitted into a cup like a receptacleE.g. shoulder & hip joints

Slide14

Plane (Gliding) Joint

Uniaxial

(permits gliding movements)The bone surfaces involved are nearly flatE.g. intercarpal joints and acromioclavicular joint of the vertebrae

Slide15

Joints of the Pectoral Girdle

Slide16

Sternoclavicular Joint

Connects the

sternum to the clavicle

The only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeletonTrue synovial joint strengthened by an intracapsular disc and extrinsic ligaments

Slide17

Acromioclavicular Joint

Unites

the

lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapulaWhere the shoulder separations often occur in sports such as hockey, baseball, and football

Slide18

Glenohumeral Joint

Connects the

upper limb and the scapula

Typical multiaxial jointWide range of movement at this jointCompromised = relative lack of stability

Slide19

Upper Limb Joints

Slide20

Elbow Joint

There are three joints at the elbow:

Humero-

­ulnar jointMedial (with respect to anatomical position)Between the trochlea of the humerus and the olecranon

process of the ulna

Humero-­radial jointLateral

Between

the

capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius

Radio-

­

ulnar

joint

Between the radius and the ulna

Slide21

Elbow Joint

Slide22

Joints of the Wrist

Radio-­carpal joint

Between

the distal end of the radius and the carpalsMovements: flexion-­extension and

abduction-adduction

Slide23

Joints of the Hand

Intercarpal

jointsBetween the bones of the CarpusGliding jointsCarpometacarpal jointBetween

carpals

and metacarpals

The characteristics of

the

carpometacarpal

joint of the thumb allows the range of movement necessary for grasping

Slide24

Joints of the Hand

Metacarpophalangeal

joints

Joints between metacarpals and phalangesThe knucklesMovement  flexion-extension

,

abduction-adduction

Interphalangeal joints

Joints

between the phalanges

Permit flexion-­extension

Slide25

Joints of the Pelvic Girdle

Slide26

Hip Joint

Between the head of

the femur

and the cup (acetabulum) of the hip bone (os coxae)Like the shoulder, hip joint is:

Ball

and socket joint

Mutliaxial joint that

allows

flexion­extension

, abduction-adduction and circumduction

Slide27

Hip Joint

Unlike shoulder joint,

hip

joint is very stableDislocation in sports is not common, but can occur via car collisionsDislocate the head posteriorly or

drive it through the

posterior lip

of the acetabulumIn fact, it is the body’s

most stable

synovial joint due to:

Deepened socketAn

intrinsic and very

strong

extrinsic ligaments

Slide28

Hip Joint

Slide29

Lower Limb Joints

Slide30

Knee Joint

Tibiofemoral

or

knee jointIncredible range of movement (flexion­ extension)

Slide31

Knee

However, knee joint is relatively stable due

to additional

structural supports from:MenisciShock-­absorbing fibrocartilaginous discsAnterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

In

the center of the joint

Lateral and medial collateral ligamentsExtending

from the sides of the

femur to the

tibia and fibula

The

musculature that surrounds it

Slide32

Knee Joint

Movements

:

Primary action is flexion-extension (i.e. squat or jump)When flexed, medial and lateral rotation can also occur

Slide33

Ankle Joint

Talocrural

or ankle jointInvolves several bonesMedial and lateral malleoli of the

tibia and

fibula

Head of the talusCalcaneus

(

heel bone

)

Slide34

Foot and Toe Joints

Intertarsal

jointsBetween tarsalsTransverse tarsal jointBetween the proximal and distal row of the tarsal bonesMovement: inversion-­

eversion

of the sole of the footThis action enables you to

adjust

to uneven ground

when walking or running

Slide35

Foot and Toe Joints

As

in the hand, there

are joints between the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges:Tarsometatarsal

Metatarsalophalangeal

Interphalangeal

They

are strengthened

by plantar

ligaments which aid in maintaining the arc of

the foot

Slide36

Think About it…

1. Why is it most appropriate to measure movement with

tri-planar

motion (frontal, sagittal, transverse)? Explain.2. Do 10 squats where you are. When you go down in a squat, there is movement at the hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint. Remember that when an angle between two bones is decreased, it is called flexion. Name the movements for

each three joints.

3. Shoulder Weight-­lifting Exercises:

The shoulder joint has a large Range of Motion. It can move in the frontal,

sagittal

and transverse

plane.Name a weight-­lifting exercise that involves:Shoulder extension (elbow straight, only sagittal plane)

Shoulder elevation (arms hanging to the side, only frontal plane)

Shoulder adduction (elbow straight, only frontal plane)

Slide37

Slide38

Think About it…

4. Define

the following terms and find a

picture to match them: a) Lateral Truck Flexion b) Hip hyperextension c) Shoulder Horizontal Flexion5. Why is training in a single plane motion training

not very beneficial for

sports performance

? Explain.

Slide39

Think About it…

4.

a. Lateral trunk

flexion  side bending away from the midline of the body (abduction) then straightening back to center (adduction)b. Hip

hyperextension



femur moves past

straight

, extended position to move behind the bodyc. shoulder horizontal flexion

arms

are raised

out to shoulder level and then

drawn toward

midline