Dan M Kahan Yale University amp 103s of others Fake News Toxic Meanings and IdentityProtective Cognition Fake news Fake news compliments of Macedonia ID: 807995
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Slide1
www.culturalcognition.net
Dan M. Kahan
Yale University
& 10^3s of others!
Fake News, Toxic
Meanings, and Identity-Protective Cognition
Slide2Fake news
.
. .
Slide3Fake news
.
. .
compliments of Macedonia!
Slide4Slide5Fake news
.
. .
compliments of
Macedonia
!
Slide6Fake news
. . .
Slide7Fake news
. . .
Slide8toxic meanings
. . .
Slide9toxic meanings
. . .
Russian style
Slide10(OUP, 2016)
Slide11Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for
information
The motivated-public
model:
Slide12Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
The motivated-public
model:
Slide13Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
The motivated-public
model:
Slide14Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
Slide15Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
Slide16Fake news .
. .
compliments
of
Macedonia
Slide17Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
?
The motivated-public
model:
Slide18toxic meanings
. . .
Slide19Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
toxic
meanings
The motivated-public
model:
. . .
Slide20Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
toxic
meanings
The motivated-public
model:
Slide21Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
toxic
meanings
The motivated-public
model:
Slide22Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
toxic
meanings
The motivated-public
model:
Slide23Slide24Empirical
studies:
Slide25Empirical
studies
:
Identity protective cognition
Slide26Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Slide27Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide28Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide29Identity-protective cognition
Slide30Hierarchy
Egalitarianism
Marijuana legalization
Marijuana legalization
Individualism
Communitarianism
Environment: climate, nuclear
Guns
/
Gun Control
Guns
/
Gun Control
HPV Vaccination
HPV Vaccination
Gays military/gay parenting
Gays military/gay parenting
Environment: climate, nuclear
hierarchical communitarians
egalitarian individualists
Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
cats
/
annoying varmints
cats
/
annoying varmints
hierarchical individualists
egalitarian communitarians
Immigration
Immigration
Domestic nat’l security policy
Domestic nat’l security policy
Slide31Slide32Source:
Kahan, D.M., Jenkins-Smith, H. & Braman
, D. Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus. J. Risk Res. 14
, 147-74 (2011).
Slide33Hierarchy
Egalitarianism
Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Concealed carry bans
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Slide34Source:
Kahan, D.M., Jenkins-Smith, H. & Braman
, D. Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus. J. Risk Res. 14
, 147-74 (2011).
Slide35High Risk
(science conclusive)
Low Risk
(science inconclusive)
Climate Change
Slide36Low Risk
(safe)
High Risk
(not safe)
Geologic Isolation of Nuclear Wastes
Slide37High Risk
(Increase crime)
Low Risk
(Decrease Crime)
Concealed Carry Laws
Slide38N =
1,500. Derived from ordered-
logit
regression analysis, controlling for demographic and political affiliation/ideology variables. Culture variables set 1 SD from mean on culture scales. CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence
ConcealedCarry ClimateChangeNuclearPower
31%
54%
22%
58%
61%
72%
Difference in Likelihood of Agreeing
Scientist
is "Expert"
60% 40% 20% 0 20% 40% 60%
Egalitarian Communitarian
More Likely to Agree
Hierarchical Individualist
More Likely to Agree
Featured scientist is a knowledgeable and credible expert on ...
Slide39N =
1,500. Derived from ordered-
logit
regression analysis, controlling for demographic and political affiliation/ideology variables. Culture variables set 1 SD from mean on culture scales. CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence
ConcealedCarry ClimateChangeNuclearPower
31%
54%
22%
58%
61%
72%
Difference in Likelihood of Agreeing
Scientist
is "Expert"
60% 40% 20% 0 20% 40% 60%
Egalitarian Communitarian
More Likely to Agree
Hierarchical Individualist
More Likely to Agree
Featured scientist is a knowledgeable and credible expert on ...
Slide40N =
1,500. Derived from ordered-
logit
regression analysis, controlling for demographic and political affiliation/ideology variables. Culture variables set 1 SD from mean on culture scales. CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence
ConcealedCarry ClimateChangeNuclearPower31%
54%
22%
58%
61%
72%
Difference in Likelihood of Agreeing
Scientist
is "Expert"
60% 40% 20% 0 20% 40% 60%
Egalitarian Communitarian
More Likely to Agree
Hierarchical Individualist
More Likely to Agree
Featured scientist is a knowledgeable and credible expert on ...
Slide41N =
1,500. Derived from ordered-
logit
regression analysis, controlling for demographic and political affiliation/ideology variables. Culture variables set 1 SD from mean on culture scales. CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence
ConcealedCarry ClimateChangeNuclearPower31%
54%
22%
58%
61%
72%
Difference in Likelihood of Agreeing
Scientist
is "Expert"
60% 40% 20% 0 20% 40% 60%
Egalitarian Communitarian
More Likely to Agree
Hierarchical Individualist
More Likely to Agree
Featured scientist is a knowledgeable and credible expert on ...
Slide42Source:
Kahan, D.M., Jenkins-Smith, H. & Braman
, D. Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus. J. Risk Res. 14
, 147-74 (2011).
Slide43Hierarchy
Egalitarianism
Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Risk Perception Key
Low Risk
High Risk
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Nuclear waste disposal
Concealed carry bans
Concealed carry bans
Slide44Hierarchy
Egalitarianism
Cultural Cognition Worldviews
Individualism
Communitarianism
Climate change
Climate change
Nuclear waste disposal
Nuclear waste disposal
Perceived Scientific Consensus:
Low Risk
High Risk
Concealed carry bans
Concealed carry bans
Slide45Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Slide46Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
Slide47Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide48Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide49Fake news studies:
Slide50Fake news studies:
Slide51Fake news studies:
Slide52Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
The motivated-public
model:
demand for id-
affirming information
Slide53Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide54Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide55Slide56Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
toxic
meanings
. . .
Slide57Manufactured toxic meanings:
Zika virus . . .
Slide58Ordinary Science Intelligence 2.0 (z-score)
There
is "solid evidence"
of recent global warming
due "mostly" to "human activity such as burning fossil fuels."
[agree, disagree]
Probability
of "agree"
N =
1600. shaded areas denote 0.95 CIs.
Liberal
Democrat
Conservative
Republican
Slide59Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
toxic
meanings
. . .
Slide60Real? Or fake?!
Slide61toxic meanings
. .
. Russian
style
Slide62Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
toxic
meanings
The motivated-public
model:
Slide63Credulous
Public
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
misinformation supply
Politically/Eco-
nomically motivated
interest groups
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers
demand for id-
affirming information
The motivated-public
model:
toxic
meanings
Slide64Slide65Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide66Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Slide67Empirical studies:
Identity protective cognition
"Fake news"
Toxic meanings --> cultural conflict
Remedies?# # #The End!
Slide68www. culturalcognition.net
"I
am
you!"