based on the Super Kamionade system Hiroyuki Sekiya for the Hyper Kamiokande Working Group Kamioka Observatory Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Preface ID: 1045943
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1. Design of a huge water purification system based on the Super-Kamionade systemHiroyuki Sekiya* for the Hyper-Kamiokande Working Group*Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of TokyoPreface: Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) will be a detector capable of observing CP violation in the Lepton sector, proton decays, atmospheric neutrinos, solar neutrinos, both supernova burst neutrinos and supernova relic neutrinos, and dark matter with sensitivity far that of the Super-Kamioknade(Super-K) detector. Water is the target and signal-sensitive medium of the detector, and thus its quality directly affects the detector’s sensitivity. For that reason, water purification is critical to realizing such a huge water Cherenkov detector.SK1.Hyper-K detector vessel 2. Super-K water system as base designTechnical terms / abbreviation 3. Hyper-K water system will process 1.2kt/h Although it takes 35 days to replace the water in the 50kt SK tank, its water transparency is always kept above 100m. Backgrounds are low enough to detect >3.5MeV solar neutrinos. A 5%-level top-bottom asymmetry exists, however the systematic error on the SK energy scale due to this is below 0.1%-level after correction.39.3m41.4m2 cylindrical tanks lying side-by-side (48m x 54m x 250m each)5 compartments in each tank Total volume 0.99 MtFiducial vol. 0.56MtTotal volume 0.05 MtFiducial vol. 0.0225Mtreject (drain)reject (drain)mine waterdrainrejectPrimary pumpfilterfilterRO-1 pumpRO-2pumpRO water tankpost RO pumpRO-2RO-1-1vacuum degasifierRO-3rejectRO-3 pumpIon exchanger 1/2UVsterilizerpurified water supply pump A/BABUltrafiltrationmembranemembrane degasifierreject 550Rn-free-air dissolving tankstrainerFP-4 FP-5RT-3RT-4RT-2RT-1CV-1IDbottomCV-2v94700compensation pumpstrainerUF reject tankHE1rejectHE3rejectUF reject pumpMain return pump A/BHE4RO-1-2Super-Kamiokande IV water system since Feb. 2012Recirculation rate: 60t/h Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane Filters out ions, contaminants larger than 0.1nm, bacteria etc.(Mixed-Bed) Ion exchanger Uses resin to remove ions such as calcium and uraniumCartridge Polisher(CP) Highly pure ion exchange resins remove all ions from waterUV sterilizer(UV) Bacteria sterilization using ultraviolet raysVacuum degasifier(VD), Membrane degasifier(MD) Removes gases such as Oxygen and RadonUltrafiltration(UF) membrane Removes nanometer-sized particles Super-K water quality Takes 70 days to fill one cylindrical tank. Takes 35 days to replace the water in the both 0.5Mt tanks.3.5MeV-4.5MeVEvent distributionReturn toWater systemPurifiedWater supply Maintaining operation is the first priority To avoid convection, very precisely temperature-controlled (±0.01oC) water is supplied to the bottom. Rn Free Air (Rn is removed down to mBq/m3 level by charcoal ) is used for purging. 5 compartments for each tank Water will be recirculated independently in each compartment at 120t/h. The effects of the egg-shape cross section on the water flow will be taken into account when designing the inlet/outlet.Rn Free Air generator (400Nm3/h)Water Purification SystemCompressorsAir dryer0.3mmfilterBuffer tankCO2 H2O removerCharcoal0.1mmfilter0.01mmfilter0.01mmfilterBuffer -40oCCharcoalpurgepurgepurgepurgepurgepurge0.3kt/h for initial supply0.6kt/h for recirculation0.6kt/h for recirculationMine airMine waterBuffer tankBuffer tank10mm filterBuffer Reverse OsmosismembraneCO2removerMixed-BedIon exchange resinCartridge PolisherIon exchange resinUVsterilizerMembrane degasifier1mm filterChillerw/ T control1mm filterUVsterilizerCartridge PolisherIon exchange resinUltra-filtrationmembraneChillerw/ Temp controlUF rejectUltra-filtrationmembraneMembrane degasifierHK tankHK tankr2IonMoleculeMacromoleculeMacro “particles”Reverse osmosis0.0010.010.11101001000Ion exchangeNanofiltrationUltrafiltrationMicrofiltrationUsual filtrationPrecipitationSizemmx 20UVsterilizerCartridge PolisherIon exchange resinReverse Osmosis membraneReverse OsmosismembraneUltra-filtrationmembraneMembrane degasifierReverse Osmosis membraneChillerw/ Temperature controlVacuum degasifierChillerw/ Temperature controlChillerMine waterInitial supply rate: 30t/hSK tankSuper-K IV lowest energy eventssolar angle distributionSuper-K IV Water transparencyanti-correlated with Supply water temperature@ Cherenkov light wavelengthMeasured by decay e-e+ from cosmic m-m+ Water quality controlWater flow studies are underwayInner detectorOuter detectorVolume370,000m389,000m3Flow rate96.7t/h23.3t/hNumber of inlets (outlets) 184Flow rate/inlet (outlet)5.375.82Inlet (outlet) configuration on the top and bottom sections A “bad” example Finite volume methodANSYS GAMBIT2.4.1+Fluent13.0¼ Inner detectorStagnation@center?¼ Outer detectorDownward flow?