Rh Blood Groups Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions The discovery of blood groups Experiments with blood transfusions the transfer of blood or blood components into a persons blood stream have been carried out for hundreds of years Many patie ID: 912822
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Slide1
Blood Types
A,B,O & Rh
Slide2Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions
The discovery of blood groups
Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.
Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.
Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
Blood group 0
If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of
protein
molecules called antigens and antibodies.
The antigens are located on the surface of
red blood cells (RBCs)
and the antibodies are in
blood
plasma
.
Why
are
there
different blood
types?
Slide3Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping, or agglutination, which is dangerous.The AB0 and Rhesus (Rh)
systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions.Why are blood types important?
Slide4According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A
, B, AB or O. All four blood types are based on only two antigens: A and B.ABO blood grouping system
Slide5Blood group B
B antigens are present on the surface of RBCs and A antibodies are in blood plasma.Blood group AA antigens are present on the surface of RBCs and B antibodies are in blood plasma.ABO blood grouping system
Slide6Blood group ABB
oth A and B antigens are on the surface of RBCs and no A or B antibodies are in blood plasma.Blood group ONo A or B antigens are on the surface of RBCs but both A and B antibodies are in blood plasma.ABO blood grouping system
Slide7http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Slide8Blood TransfusionsA blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Slide9Who can give you blood?
Blood TypesA
B
AB
O
Antigens
Antibodies
Can donate to:
Can receive from:
A
B
A and B
none
B
A
none
A and B
A, AB
B, AB
AB
all
A, O
B, O
all
O
Slide10People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.
Slide11Rh FactorPositive blood means the
Rh antigen is present on RBCs.Negative blood means there is no Rh antigen.Rh + blood type can donate to:Only Rh +
Rh
+ can receive blood from:
Rh
+ or
Rh
-
Rh
– blood type can donate to:
Rh
+ or
Rh
-
Rh
– can receive blood from:
Only
Rh
-.
Slide12You are NOT born with Rh antibodies!
Slide13Transfusion reactions occur when mismatched blood is infusedDonor’s cells are attacked by the recipient’s plasma agglutinins causing:Diminished oxygen-carrying capacityClumped cells that impede blood flowRuptured RBCs that release free hemoglobin into the bloodstream
Circulating hemoglobin precipitates in the kidneys and causes renal failureTransfusion Reactions
Slide14Blood Typing
Blood type being testedRBC agglutinogens
Serum Reaction
Anti-A
Anti-B
AB
A and B
+
+
B
B
–
+
A
A
+
–
O
None
–
–
When RBC antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate, or clump together.
Slide15What blood type is this?Type A
Slide16What blood type is this?Type B
Slide17What blood type is this?Type AB
Slide18What blood type is this?Type O
Slide19How common is your blood type?
Slide20Predicting Blood Types