What is respiration Respiration is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and use it to generate adenosine triphosphate ATP ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes such as active transport movement and metabolism ID: 909935
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Slide1
ATP
What is ATP and why is it important?
Slide2What is respiration?
Respiration
is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and use it to generate
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes such as active transport, movement and metabolism.
In this way they obtain energy to fuel their metabolic pathways.
ATP
Slide3Types of respiration
During
aerobic respiration
, a respiratory substrate, e.g. glucose, is split in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide and water. A large number of ATP molecules are produced, releasing the energy from the glucose.
C
6
H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H
2O + 36 ATP
In
anaerobic respiration
, glucose is converted (in the absence of oxygen) to either lactate or ethanol. The ATP yield is low.
C
6
H
12
O
6
2
C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
lactate
C
6
H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
ethanol
Slide4Where does respiration occur?
Mitochondria contain highly folded inner membranes that hold key respiratory proteins (including the enzyme that makes ATP) over a large surface area.
Respiration occurs in all living cells. In
eukaryotes
the early stages of respiration occur in the cytoplasm. The later stages of respiration are restricted to the
mitochondria.
Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, so can manufacture their own respiratory enzymes.
Mitochondria provide an isolated
environment to maintain optimum conditions for respiration.
Slide5Adenosine triphosphate
adenine
ribose
phosphates
ATP contains a sugar (ribose), a base (adenine) and three phosphate groups.
+
+
+
30.5
kJ
ATP
H
2
O
ADP
inorganic phosphate
When ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and inorganic phosphate, 30.5
kJ of energy are released.
Slide6The structure of ATP
Adenosine
triphosphate
ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide (similar to the structure of DNA and RNA)(ATP cant leave the cell where it is made)
Slide7Why ATP acts as an energy store...
When 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP, 30.5 kJ of energy’s
released
This is a hydrolysis reaction (requires water), and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases
Energy released(30.5KJ mol-1)ADPPi
ATPase
Water
Slide8Why ATP?
Biological systems transfer the energy in glucose to ATP because unlike glucose…
ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction.
The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body.
glucose
ATP