All Latin verbs have 4 principal parts These parts tell you about the verb what conjugation it belongs to what the perfect stem is how different tenses will be formed The 4 Principal Parts are ID: 803656
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Slide1
Principal Parts of Verbs
All Latin verbs have 4 principal parts.
These parts tell you about the verb:
what conjugation it belongs to
what the perfect stem is
how different tenses will be formed
Slide2The 4 Principal Parts are:
Present
Active Indicative 1
st
Person Singular
Infinitive
(Present Active)
Perfect
Active Indicative 1
st
Person Singular
Perfect Passive Participle
(We will not be learning the 4
th
principal part until next year)
Slide3Example 1:
porto
,
portare
,
portavi
,
portatus
– carry
1.
porto
–
present
= I carry
2.
portare
–
infinitive
= to carry
3.
portavi
–
perfect
= I carried
4.
portatus
–
perfect passive participle
=
having been carried
Slide4Example 2:
mitto
,
mittere
,
misi
, missus– send
1.
mitto
–
present
= I send
2.
mittere
–
infinitive
= to send
3.
misi
–
perfect
= I sent
4. missus –
perfect passive participle
=
having been sent
Slide5What do PP’s tell us?
The 1
st
pp tells us the 1
st
person singular present tense active indicative.
The 2
nd
pp tells us the infinitive (i.e. “to do” form) of the verb.
The 3
rd
pp tells us the stem for perfect tense.
Slide6Infinitives are key!
The 2
nd
pp, or infinitive, also tells us the conjugation of the verb. Look at the ending …
-are
= 1
st
Conjugation
-
ēre
= 2
nd
Conjugation
- ere
= 3
rd
Conjugation
- ire
= 4
th
Conjugation
All others are irregular
This will also determine stem and linking vowels for present and imperfect (to be learned later).
Slide7Practice Using Principal Parts
Given the verb audio,
audire
,
audivi
,
auditus
– hear
1. What is the infinitive? How does it translate?
audire
= to hear
2. What is the
perfect?
How does it translate?
audivi
= I heard
3. To what conjugation does this verb belong?
4
th
because of –ire ending of the 2
nd
pp
4. Which form
is the
present? How does it translate?
audio
= I hear
Slide8Practice Using Principal Parts
Given the verb
capio
,
capere
,
cepi
,
captus
- take
1. What is the infinitive? How does it translate?
capere
= to take
2. What
gives us the perfect stem?
How does it translate?
cepi
= I took
3. To what conjugation does this verb belong?
3
rd
because of –ere ending of the 2
nd
pp
4. Which form
is the
present? How does it translate?
capio
– I take
Slide9Practice Using Principal Parts
Given the verb do, dare,
dedi
,
datus
- give
1. What is the present? How does it translate?
do = I give
2. What is the infinitive? How does it translate?
dare = to give
3. To what conjugation does this verb belong?
1
st
because of –are ending of the 2
nd
pp
4. Which form gives us the perfect stem? How does it translate?
dedi
= I gave
Slide10Practice Using Principal Parts
Given the verb sum,
esse
,
fui
,
futurus
- be
1. What is the present? How does it translate?
sum = I am
2. What is the infinitive? How does it translate?
esse
= to be
3. To what conjugation does this verb belong?
irregular
4. Which form gives us the perfect stem? How does it translate?
fui
= I have been