Chapter 18 Nationalism Around the World - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 18

Nationalism Around the World

Slide2

Section 1 – Nationalism in the Middle East

QOD – What important force led to the fall of the Ottoman Empire?

Objective – Describe the Ottoman decline, the modernization of Turkey and Iran, and how Arab nationalism was affected by Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Slide3

Decline and Fall of the

Ottoman Empire

The size and power of the Ottoman Empire decreased at the end of the 1700s.

1800s- Ottoman rule ended in North Africa and Greece. Much of its territory was lost in Europe

1876- Ottoman reformers adopted a constitution that would form a legislature, but the sultan

Abdulhamid

II ruled by himself.

Young Turks- a group of reformers forced the restoration of the constitution in 1908. Many Turks pressed for an independent Turkish state

Slide4

Decline and Fall of the

Ottoman Empire

In WWI, the Ottomans sided with Germany, so the British attacked Ottoman Arab states.

Britain convinced the Arabs to revolt against Ottoman rule.

Arabia declared its independence and the Ottomans made peace with the Allies

Slide5

Decline and Fall of the

Ottoman Empire

During WWI, Armenians were the victims of

genocide

at the hands of the Ottoman govt. because Armenians sought independence.

Genocide

- deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

The Allies denounced it but did nothing to prevent the acts from happening.

A similar act in 1993-1996 in the Bosnian War would later be called

ethnic cleansing

Slide6

Decline and Fall of the

Ottoman Empire

At the end of WWI, the Ottoman Empire collapsed.

Turkey was all that remained under Ottoman control.

Turkish leaders decided to form a new Republic of Turkey.

Slide7

The Modernization of Turkey

Mustafa Kemal

, known as

Ataturk

became president of Turkey and wanted to transform it into a modern state.

Ataturk made reforms in Turkish society and most remained in effect after his death

Eliminating Arabic elements from the Turkish language, adopting Roman alphabet, forcing people to have last names

Established factories & directed the economy

Slide8

The Modernization of Turkey

Ataturk wanted Turkey to be secular, one that rejects religious influences in politics.

Abolished the caliphate and forbade men to wear the fez, traditional Turkish Muslim hat

Forbade Islamic customs of women wearing veils

New laws gave women equal marriage and inheritance rights

Turks could join non-Islamic religions

Slide9

The Beginnings of Modern Iran

Modernization was taking place in Persia

1908- oil was discovered-oil exports rose-most profit went to British

The foreign presence gave rise of a native Persian nationalist movement.

Slide10

The Beginnings of Modern Iran

1921-

Reza Khan

led the military and seized the Persian capital city.

1925- Reza Khan became shah, or king. He was called

Reza Shah Pahlavi

.

He

tried to follow the example of Ataturk.

He reformed and modernized the govt., military, & economic system.

1935- Persia was renamed Iran

.

Slide11

Arab Nationalism

The Arabs were united by language & religion, but had no nation.

After WWI, they were promised independence, but Britain and France created & controlled the Arab mandates: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

Some leaders did speak out for Arab unity and formed the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.

1930s- oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia and it flooded with Westerners. The kingdom became very wealthy.

Slide12

The Problem of Palestine

Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI.

Balfour Declaration

- 1917, issued by Britain and supported the idea of a national home for Jewish people in Palestine

Jews flocked to Palestine as the Nazis increased persecution in Europe.

Since Palestine was mostly Muslim, tensions increased between the Jews and Muslims.

Slide13

Section 2 – Nationalism in Africa and Asia

QOD – How was communism received in Asia?

Objective – Describe the development of the African and Indian independence movements, religious conflict in India, the rise of militarism in Japan, and the spread of communism in Asia.

Slide14

Movements toward

Independence in Africa

Black Africans had fought WWI for the British and French, but their independence after the war was not met.

Africans became politically active and sought reforms that would allow them the same ideals of liberty and equality

Slide15

Movements toward

Independence in Africa

Many of the African people started acting out in protest

Colonial powers would respond to the revolts with force. Sometimes they made reforms hoping to quiet the African people.

By the 1930s, new African leaders emerged and insisted on independence, reforms were not enough.

Slide16

Movements toward

Independence in Africa

Many of these new leaders were educated abroad and influenced by:

W.E.B. Du Bois

- leader of a movement that tried to make all Africans aware of their own cultural heritage

Marcus Garvey

- stressed the need for the unity of all Africans, a movement known as Pan-Africanism

Slide17

The Movement for Indian Independence

Mohandas Gandhi

had been active in the independence movement to end British rule in India.

He insisted on nonviolent protests to achieve his goals.

Civil disobedience

- the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust

Slide18

The Movement for Indian Independence

British troops killed many unarmed protesters and Gandhi was arrested.

Gandhi continued his protests once out of jail. He maintained nonviolence acts.

Advocated noncooperation such as not buying cloth from Britain and govt. made salt. He told Indians not to pay taxes.

The British raised the tax on salt and forbid Indians from harvesting their own.

Slide19

The Movement for Indian Independence

1930-

The Salt March

- Gandhi’s march to the sea to protest new British taxes and restrictions on salt. Gandhi defied the British by picking up salt. He and others were arrested.

Slide20

The Movement for Indian Independence

Both shared the same goal, but the division caused uncertainty of the future of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru- emerged as a leader in Indian politics. He represented the modern, secular, and Western.

Gandhi represented the traditional, religious and Indian path.

Another division in Indian politics was between the Hindus and Muslims.

Slide21

The Rise of Militarist Japan

Japan adopted many Western aspects and became prosperous and industrial.

The

zaibatsu

were large financial and industrial corporations.

They gradually developed into vast companies that controlled major segments of the Japanese industrial sector.

Slide22

The Rise of Militarist Japan

Wealth became concentrated among few.

Food shortages, inflation, and other problems led to riots and unrest.

The Great Depression had a severe impact on workers and farmers.

Traditionalists wanted a return for the old Japanese customs.

Slide23

The Rise of Militarist Japan

In the early 1900s Japan had trouble finding sources of raw materials and foreign markets so they expanded their territory before WWI.

The U.S. wanted to keep Asia open for trade so they produced a treaty that recognized China’s territorial integrity and the Open Door Policy. In return Japan was allowed to control southern Manchuria.

Slide24

The Rise of Militarist Japan

In the 1920s Japan had tried to use economic & diplomatic means to realize Asian interests.

The policy was unpopular and new industries developed in Japan. Japan needed new sources of raw material to run them.

Slide25

The Rise of Militarist Japan

At the end of the 1920s problems arose that led to a rise in militarism.

A group within the ruling party gained control.

1930s-

extremist patriotic organizations emerged

, some as part of the military.

Black Dragon Society

- Japanese extremist patriotic organization

1931-

Manchuria was invaded by an extremist group of middle-level Japanese army officers acting without govt. approval

Slide26

The Rise of Militarist Japan

Military and other supporters of Japanese expansion dominated the govt.

Japan was on wartime status & in 1938 military draft began.

The govt. controlled all economic resources. Labor unions were disbanded.

Only one political party.

Western ideas were gone.

Traditional Japanese values arose again.

Slide27

Nationalism and Revolution in Asia

Lenin had determined to spread communism to the outside world.

Communist International was a worldwide organization for Communist parties.

By the end of the 1920s almost all Asian countries had a Communist party.

The success of them varied greatly.

China had the strongest Communist-nationalist alliance.

Slide28

Section 3 – Revolutionary Chaos in China

QOD – Against

whom

were the Nationalists and Chinese Communist Parties aligned?

Objective – Discuss the Nationalist and Communist alliance to oppose warlords and drive the imperialist powers out of China, the violent end of that alliance, Mao’s “Long March,” and Chiang Kai-shek’s effort to create a “new China.”

Slide29

Nationalists and Communists

Marxism had its greatest impact in China.

By 1920, two political forces emerged to challenge the Chinese govt.

Sun

Yat-sen’s

Nationalist Party

Chinese Communist Party

1923- parties joined together to drive out the Chinese warlords and the imperialist powers

1926- took control of all of China south of Chang Jiang.

Slide30

Nationalists and Communists

Eventually the Nationalists and Communists came into conflict.

After Sun

Yat

-

sen

died,

Chiang Kai-shek

became the Nationalist leader.

He killed thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre.

The Communist-Nationalist alliance ended

Slide31

The Communists in Hiding

After the Shanghai Massacre, the Communist leaders went into hiding in Shanghai. They revived the Communist movement.

Mao Zedong

was

convinced that the Chinese revolution would come from the rural peasants and not the working class.

Slide32

The Communists in Hiding

Chiang Kai-shek was able to push the Communist leaders out of Shanghai. They joined Mao in the south.

The Nationalists attacked the Communists, but Mao used guerrilla tactics to fight the larger Nationalist army.

Guerrilla tactics

-

using unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight the enemy

Slide33

The Long March

1933- Chiang’s army surrounded the Communists

Mao’s army,

People’s Liberation Army

, broke through Nationalist lines.

Mao led his troops 6,000 miles to northwestern China and reached the last Communist base.

–

The Long March

Mao became the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communist Party

Slide34

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

After the Long March, the Communist threat seemed to be over.

Chiang Kai-shek was trying to build a new nation. He vowed to form a republican govt. but he felt that the Chinese would need a transitional form of govt. to prepare them for a democratic state.

Slide35

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang instituted a period of political training.

Nationalists tried to dictate land reforms and to modernize industry.

The Chinese were not ready for reforms. 80% were poor peasants and the growing middle class took on Western values and did not care about the needs of peasants.

Slide36

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang tried to blend modern Western industrialization with traditional Confucian values.

Chiang and his wife created the

“New Life Movement”.

It promoted traditional Confucian values while rejecting excessive individualism of Western capitalism

.

Slide37

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang was less successful with land reform.

He avoided the

redistribution of wealth

-

the shifting of assets from a rich minority to a poor majority.

Chiang Kai-shek did not press for programs that would lead to a redistribution of wealth because he did not want to lose the support of the rural landed gentry, as well as the urban middle class.

Slide38

Section 4 – Nationalism in Latin America

QOD – What was the Good Neighbor policy?

Objective – Describe the U.S. investment in Latin America, the Good Neighbor policy, the impact of the Depression, and the move

to authoritarianism

in Latin America.

Slide39

The Latin American Economy

In the early 1900s, the economy of Latin America was based primarily on the export of food products and raw materials.

In the 1920s the U.S. became the biggest investor in Latin America. They put funds directly into production and ran companies themselves.

Slide40

The Latin American Economy

Latin American export industries became owned by companies from the U.S.

Many Latin Americans were angered by U.S. control. They saw the U.S. as an imperialist power.

The U.S. also intervened in their military.

Slide41

The Latin American Economy

1935-

President Franklin Roosevelt

announced the

Good Neighbor Policy

toward Latin America.

It rejected the use of military force in Latin America

Slide42

The Latin American Economy and the Great Depression

The

Great Depression

had a terrible impact on the Latin American economy

.

Latin American

exports were no longer in demand. Nations that usually imported these goods were suffering from depression.

One positive effect was that many Latin American

govts

. encouraged the production of goods that were formally imported.

This had the potential to increase economic independence of Latin America. Heavier industries often were financed and then run by

govts

.

Slide43

The Move to Authoritarianism

During the 1930s, more countries adopted authoritarian

govts

. Unrest caused by the economic hardships of the Great Depression led leaders to exercise stricter controls.

Three examples: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina

Slide44

The Move to Authoritarianism

Argentina was controlled by an

oligarchy

- a govt. where a select group of people exercise control

The oligarchy was composed of wealthy land owners ,who ignored the growing middle class & the importance of industry and cities

Hipolito

Irigoyen

- 1916, the leader of the Radical Party and was elected president of Argentina

Slide45

The Move to Authoritarianism

Brazil had a republican govt. since 1889.

Wealthy plantation owners who grew coffee controlled the govt. As long as coffee prices were high, the oligarchy stayed in power.

Getulio

Vargas

-

ruler of Brazil from 1930-1945

He appealed to workers at first by having 8 hour workdays and minimum wage, but faced opposition when he made himself dictator

Slide46

The Move to Authoritarianism

The

Mexican Revolution

was the first important attempt to overthrow oligarchy in Latin America.

1934-

Lazaro

Cardenas

became president of Mexico. He was cheered by Mexicans as the president who had stood up to the U.S.

Redistributed land to the peasants and took a strong stand with the U.S., esp. over oil.

Slide47

The Move to Authoritarianism

Mexico paid for the property, but kept control of the oil fields.

PEMEX- a national oil company set up to run the oil industry in Mexico.

Slide48

Culture in Latin America

Diego Rivera

was

a Mexican artist

who had studied in Europe.

He sought to create national art that would portray Mexico’s past, as well as Mexican festivals and folk customs.