Eric Kaufmann Birkbeck College University of London ekaufmannbbkacuk Components of change secularization S demographic growth of religion D spiritual revival SR religious ID: 385162
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Slide1
The Future of Religion in World Politics
Eric Kaufmann
Birkbeck College, University of London
e.kaufmann@bbk.ac.ukSlide2
Components of change
secularization (S)
------
demographic growth of
religion (D
)
spiritual
revival (SR
)
religious
nationalism (N
)
R=D+SR+N-S
Secularization more powerful in West, persistence or revival elsewhereSlide3
SecularizationSlide4
Inglehart’s
Maslovian
theory of secularization
Wealth and security lead to
postmaterialist
secularismSlide5
Secularization as we get richer?
Or
Secularization is a Western and East Asian phenomenon (World Values Surveys)Slide6
Spiritual Revival
Revivals associated with migration and uprooting
Seen by secularization theorists as a temporary phase
Linked to urbanization and industrializationSlide7
Mass Urbanization
Majority of humanity now in cities
2-3 billion will move to cities in 21
st
cSlide8
Religion and Nationalism
Religion and NationalismSlide9
Religion v. Nationalism
‘Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s’ – Matthew 20:21.
'People
should give up their pride in nations because this is a coal from the coals of hell-fire. If they do not give this up Allah will consider them lower than a lowly dung worm which pushes itself through
feces
.' (Muhammad's hadith recorded by Abu-
Dawood
and al-
Tirmidhi
)Slide10
Religion=Nationalism
Old Testament:
“Be my holy people because I, the LORD, am holy. I have separated you from other people to be my very own.” - Leviticus 20:26
“
Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba” – Judges 20:1
Proselytizing faiths: one group is favoured by God to defend the faith or spread the faith
‘Missionary’ nationalism or ethnicity (Holy War: Crusade = Jihad; Holy Warriors:
Antemurale
= Ghazi)
Saudi vs Palestinian vs Iranian vs Turkey……Slide11
Nationalist Reinterpretation of religious texts: Hindu Nationalism, c 19
th
-20
th
c
Devotional
rituals (i.e.
Ganesh
Chaturti
) become public nationalist expressions of identityGods (i.e. Kali, Krishna
) reinterpreted as Hindu national exemplars of warrior virtue
Aryavarta
– land of Hindus. Reinterpreted to correspond to contemporary boundaries
Tilak
– blends
Ganesh, Kali, the Bhagavadgita and the medieval Maratha warrior
ShivajiSlide12
Other links
Houses of worship
Clergy
Markers and cultural
defenseSlide13
Cultural Defense
theory
Non-Christian nations
Non-Christian ethnic groups in western nationsSlide14
Religious Demography
Source: CIA World Fact Book 2008Slide15
Conclusion
Secularization in the West, and in the most developed parts of Latin America and the Caribbean
Religious return in immigration gateway cities
Religious nationalism and revival in non-Christian countries
Fundamentalism and/or neo-evangelicalism rising inside and outside the West
Transnational
fundamentalism
and
religious
nationalism/ethnicity may be in tension