Khadijeh Yasamin Shirazi Modules of Sustainable Agriculture MOSA August 2015 How Ecosystem works Energy flow and Nutrient Cycles https wwwyoutubecomwatchvoRBHfjZsUQ ID: 802639
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Slide1
Nutrient Management
Mai Abbas
Khadijeh
Yasamin Shirazi
Modules of Sustainable Agriculture (MOSA)
August 2015
Slide2How Ecosystem works? Energy flow and Nutrient Cycles.https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_RBHfjZsUQ
Slide3general Facts about nutrients. Environmental and economic concerns.Principles of sustainable intensification. Methods of sustainable nutrient management/good practices.
Outline :
Slide4I. General Facts on Nutrients
Slide5Nutrients are key to
soil fertility and plant
growth
Nutrients
are
key
to
soil fertility and plant growth
Large number with different needs:
Macronutrients: Nitrogen (N)Phosphorus (P)Potassium (K) Mesonutrients:Calcium (Ca)Sulphur (S)Magnesium (Mg)
Micronutrients: Iron (Fe)Manganese (Mn)Cobalt (Co)Boron (B)Zinc (Zn)Silicium (Si)Sodium (Na)Chlorine (Cl)Nickel (Ni)Molybdenum (Mo)
Toxic elements to plants: Al, heavy metals
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
5
Slide6Nutrient Supply and Demand: Source:wikipedia
Slide7Nutrient Supply and Demand: 1. General facts
2. Environmental
and economic concerns
3. Principles of sustainable intensification
4.
Methods
of
sustainable
nutrient management
7
Slide8Scarcity and over-supply
Source:
Slide9Phosphorus Cycle
Source: Wikipedia
1. General facts
2. Environmental and economic
concerns
3.
Principles
of
sustainable intensification 4. Methods of
sustainable nutrient
management
9
Slide10P run-off and export
harvest
leaching
erosion
Run-off
Ironically, phosphorus represents both a scarce non-renewable resource and a pollutant for living systems in lakes rivers and oceans.
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns 3. Principles of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of
sustainable
nutrient
management
1
0
Source: adapted from Tirado & Allsopp, Greenpeace (2012)
Peak
phosphorus refers to the moment when production of phosphorus from mining reaches a maximum, and after that point the quality of remaining phosphorus reserves decreases and becomes harder to access making it more expensive to mine and
process
.
Slide11Source: Cooper 2007The Nitrogen Cycle
1. General facts
2. Environmental and
economic concerns 3. Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of sustainable nutrient management
11
Slide12https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24BceOwt8The Nitrogen Cycle.
1. General
facts 2. Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of sustainable nutrient management
12
Slide13Source Harrison
1. General facts 2.
Environmental and economic concerns 3.
Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4. Methods of sustainable nutrient
management
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3.
Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
13
In the past 50 years. increases in anthropogenic nitrogen. Due to Haber-Bosch process.
Slide14Geochemical Nitrogen (which is mainly synthetically produced N) is one of three parameters (together with loss of biodiversity and global warming), which exceed planetary boundaries. In other words. The present use of synthetic nitrogen is highly unsustainable.
Slide15Summary : Nutrients are needed in the soil and for the plants growth. All the nutrient cycles should be closed (amount of input= output).
Human activities especially application of fertilizers distributed the nutrient cycles. Since many minerals are added to the ecosystems
1. General facts
2. Environmental and economic concerns 3.
Principles
of
sustainable
intensification 4. Methods of sustainable
nutrient
management
15
Slide16II. Environmental and Economic Concerns
Slide17PhKotschi 2013Z
Year
World
Tanzania
1961
49.2
52,6
1971
58,6
71,9
1981
64,5
75,3
1991
68.4
79,1
200171,275,6200974,094,7Kotschi
2013
Share
of
Nitrogen (%) in
the
use
of
macronutrients
(N, P, K)
Global
application
of
fertilizers
by
nutrients
(N, P, K)
The Dominance
of nitrogen applications
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns
3.
Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of
sustainable
nutrient
management
17
Slide18Global warming.Nitrogen depoistion leads to eutrophication of natural. ecosystems.(nitrophilic species)
Agricultural emissions in (MT CO
2 eq)
Source : Bellarby et al 2008Nitrogen –
Environmental
and atmospheric impact
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental and economic
concerns
3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods
of sustainable nutrient
management 18Nitrogen environmental and atmospheric impacts:
Slide19Source:Van
der erden,Fangmeier, Jäger,2001
Nitrogen deposition leads to increased tree growth.The forest floor vegetation transformed to
Shrubs, grasses.Forest decline and death of trees.
Nitrogen – Environmental and atmospheric impact
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic concerns 3. Principles
of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
19
Slide20Synthetic Nitrogen - Adverse impact on soils
1. General facts 2.
Environmental and economic
concerns 3. Principles of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of sustainable nutrient management
20
To neutralize the acidifying effect of a kilogramme of urea, which makes up 67% of global nitrogen fertilizer consumption, 0.71 kg of lime is required.
Slide21Soil acidity and Phosphorus availability (example from Kenya)
1. General
facts 2. Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods of sustainable nutrient
management
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles
of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
21
Slide22Terms of Trade for fertilizer and food
fertilizer price index
/ food price index
Photo
: Kotschi
Plant
nutrients have become very costly
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4.
Methods of sustainable nutrient management 1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles
of sustainable intensification
4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management 22
Slide23Due to high transportation and handling costs, mineral fertilizers are comparatively
costly. Yield increases through fertiliser are often small due to low soil fertility.
Prices for
agricultural products are often low due to limited
access
to
markets
and
other factorsThree- fold disadvantage:
For many smallholders returns
from fertilizers are comparatively small 1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles
of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management 1. General facts 2. Environmental and
economic concerns 3.
Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
23
Slide24Summary: Excessive nitrogen application, contributed to many environmental problems (soil acidification, global warming, ..). Mineral fertilizers cost so much in developing countries due to: transportation, sold in small quantities.
Slide25III. Principles
of Sustainable Intensification
25
Slide26Are sustainability and intensification contradictions
?
Increase nutrient
use efficiencyMain principles:
Close
nutrient
(
and
energy
)
cycles furtherSpeed up turn-over of
nutrients
Sustainable Intensification - squaring the circle?
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of
sustainable nutrient management
26
Slide27Sustainable
Agriculture
Systems Elements
:
Soil
Nutrients
Water
Biodiversity
Others
Production
Mineral Fertiliser
Fossil Energy
Farmer
Family
Natural System
Source: U.
HoeggelClosing Nutrient Cycles 1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of
sustainable
nutrient
management
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns
3.
Principles
of
sustainable
intensification
4.
Methods
of
sustainable
nutrient
management
27
Slide28Soil
Humus
is paramount for sustainable nutrient management
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of
sustainable nutrient management 28
Nutrient storage capability -> measured as Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC).Cation exchange capacity of soils and their components (meq/100g).Soils with high humus content can storage the nutrient well.High CEC is key for closing nutrient cycles.In degraded soils -those with low soil fertility and minimal organic matter– nutrient losses can be enormous.
Slide29Decomposition of soil organic matter:
Mineralisation is increasing with higher and on-sided nitrogen doses.
Low Soil Organic Matter (SOM) in many tropical soils particularly critical, due to their important nutrient storage
function.
Soils with high humus content can utilize mineral fertilizers
well
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification
4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
29
Slide30Summary
1. General
facts 2. Environmental
and
economic
concerns
3.
Principles of sustainable intensification
4. Methods
of sustainable nutrient management
30
Two main principles for sustainable intensification:To create nutrient cycles, or to close and improve already existing cycles of
nutrient.Nutrient turn-over can be acceleratedSoil humus is important for sustainable nutrient management.High CEC is key for closing nutrient cycles.
Slide31IV. Methods of Sustainable Nutrient Management/ Good Practices
31
Slide32Before fertilizing a field, nutrient status and pH should be known.Soil analysis is rarely done, but helps to place fertilizers more economically.There are
two ways:
Laboratory analysis – precise but costly and time consuming.Field
test kits – less precise but reasonable, low-cost
. Can
be
applied
by
farmers and can create awareness on nutrient
issues.
Monitor the nutrient status in your soils
31Source: eurocosm.com
1. General facts
2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
32
Slide33Strengthen the linkage between cropping and animal husbandry.Use compost and
vermicompost.Apply green manures and intensive
fallows.Include agroforestry.
Sustainable land-
mangement
practices (SLM)
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification
4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
33
Source: backyardecosystem.comSource:outofmyshed.files.wordpress.comSource: agroforestry.eu
Slide34Photo S. Krall GIZAnimal husbandry for soil nutrient management
In particular a source of phosphorus and calcium.
Soil humus content can be maintained or even raised with manure.
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns
3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
34
Slide35Compost technologies are booming.Of particular importance for smallholder agriculture.Amounts are limited.
Provides
organic fertilizers of high quality.
Vermi-compost of particular interest.Vermi-compost production in
Madagascar
Photo.Kotschi
Photo.Kotschi
Compost a next generation technology
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental and
economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
35
Slide36Dispense with acidifying fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium
sulphate
); instead: organic fertilizer and non-acidifying mineral fertilizers (e. g. calcium
cynamide
, calcium ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate).
Apply systematic liming: on-farm resources such as wood ash or earth from termite mounds, and particularly processing and supply of ground lime from local limestone.
Photo
: C. Arndt
Take action against soil acidification
1. General
facts
2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
36
Slide37Increase supply and use of phosphorus
fertilizers (and recycling).
Tap local phosphate deposits and apply small scale production of phosphate
fertilizers.
Improve
Phosphorus
supply
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable
intensification 4. Methods
of sustainable nutrient management 37
Slide38From synthetic to biological
nitrogen
Photo
Kotschi
More
sustainable
N-
supply
is
needed
Biological N-
supply has advantages – but is it sufficient?Research needed for a transition to more biological nitrogen.
1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient
management
38Photo Kotschi
Slide39a “green manure/cover crop” isa species of plant, usually a legume, whether it is a tree,
a bush,a vine, A crawling plant
or an algae,which is planted by farmers to maintain or improve
their soil fertility or control weeds, even when they have many other reasons for growing these plants.
Definition
of green manure /cover crop
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of
sustainable nutrient management 39
Slide40Green manures and intensive fallows
Wide range of methods and technologies available.Main impact: additional biomass and nitrogen.Impact on crop yields is high.
Impact on soil humus smaller compared to compost and manure.
Manuring of
paddy
soils
in China
Ground
covering legumes, Nigeria
Photo
Kotschi 1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles
of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient management
40
Slide41Nutrient gains through
agroforestry
Acacia
albida, Senegal
Photo
Kotschi
Photo
Kotschi
source:
http://www.cifor.org/rehab/_
ref/countries/Peru/Initiatives.amazonas.htm
Coffee in agroforestry in Peru
Inga sp. in HondurasSource. http://
www.rainforestsaver.org/es/manual-agroforestal-del-inga 1. General facts 2. Environmental and economic concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4.
Methods of sustainable nutrient
management 41
Slide42SummaryMethods of sustainable nutrient managementMonitor the nutrient status in your soils.Sustainable land-
mangement practices (SLM).Animal husbandry for soil nutrient management.
Compost as a next generation technology.Take action against soil acidification.
Improve phosphorus supply.From synthetic to biological nitrogen.green manure /cover crop.
1. General
facts
2.
Environmental
and
economic
concerns 3. Principles of sustainable intensification 4. Methods of sustainable nutrient
management 41
Slide43Thank You
42
Slide44ReferencesAgboola AA, GO Obigbesan and AAA
Fayemi. 1975. Interrelations between organic and mineral fertilizer in the tropical rainforest of Western Nigeria. FAO Soils Bulletin 27:337–351. Rome.
Bellarby J, B Foereid
, A Hastings & P Smith (2008): Cool farming. Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential. Greenpeace International. AmsterdamBunch R. 2010. Restoring the soil: a guide for using green manure/cover crops to improve the food security for smallholder farmers. Canadian Foodgrains Bank. Winnipeg.
Online:
http
://
foodgrainsbank.ca/uploads/Restoring%20the%20Soil.pdf
Harrison J. The Nitrogen Cycle: Of Microbes and Men.
Visionlearning
. Online: http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Nitrogen-Cycle/98
Hart J. 1998.
Fertilizer and Lime Materials. Oregon State University Extension Service. Online: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/fg/fg52-e.pdfJaiswal PL. et al. (eds.) 1981. Handbook of manures and fertilizers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 2nd ed. New Delhi.Kotschi
J. 2013. A soiled reputation. Adverse impacts of mineral fertilizuers in tropical agriculture. Heinrich Böll Stiftung and WWF Germany. Berlin.Meertens B. 2005. A realistic view on increasing fertiliser use in sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented on the Internet, December. www.meertensconsult.nl.
43
Slide45ReferencesMokwunje U. 1980. Interactions between farmyard manure and fertilizers in savannah soil. In: FAO Soils Bulletin Nor 43: 192-200. FAO. Rome
.Müller-Sämann
K and J Kotschi. 1994. Sustaining Growth. Soil fertility management in tropical smallholdings. CTA and GTZ. Wageningen
and Eschborn.Neumann I und P Pietrowicz. 1985.
Agroforstwirtschaft
in
Nyabisindu
.
Untersuchungen
zur
Integration von Bäumen und Hecken in die Landwirtschaft
. PAP. Etudes et Experiences No. 9. Zitiert
in: Kotschi et al. (1991), Standortgerechte Landwirtschaft in Ruanda. Zehn Jahre Forschung und Entwicklung in Nyabisindu. GTZ
Schriftenreihe 223. Eschborn.Rattray and Ellis zit. In Webster and Wilson (1980): Agriculture in the TropicsTirado R & M Allsopp (2012): Phosphorus in Agriculture. Problems and Solutions. Technical Report (Review) 02-2012, Greenpeace Research Laboratories. Greenpeace International. Amsterdam.Sauerlandt W. 1948. Grundlagen der Bodenfruchtbarkeit – Humusdüngung und Bodengare.
Lüneburg.van Straaten
P (2002): Rock for crops: Agrominerals of Sub-Saharan Africa. ICRAF. NairobiYeboah E, H Kahl and C Arndt. 2013. Soil Testing Guide. MOAP. Ministry of Agriculture. Accra, Ghana.Agroforestry Database 4.0 2009 at http://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestreehttp://www.eurocosm.com/Application/images/soil-ph-tests/Professional-soil-ph-testing-kit-lg.jpg
44
Slide46http://www.backyardecosystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vermicomposting72.jpghttps://outofmyshed.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/green-nanure-chopped-up.jpghttp://www.agroforestry.eu/sites/default/files/pub/styles/galleryformatter_slide/public/photo36.jpg?itok=b68JRr95
References
45