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Chapter 13 LECTURE OUTLINE
urbanization & urban networks
Human Geography
by Malinowski & Kaplan
13-
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide2
Chapter 13 Modules
13A Urban Beginnings13B Early Spread of Urbanism13C Urbanization in an Era of Capitalism13D Industrial Cities13E The Urbanization Curve13F Urbanization Patterns around the World13G Agglomeration Economies and Urban Functions13H Urban Hierarchies and the Rank-Size Relationship13I Globalization and World CitiesCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-2Slide3
13A: Urban Beginnings
Cities are relatively new in human historyDomestication of agriculture led to permanent settlementsMore food led to higher population densitiesFood surpluses led to institutions to store, tax, distribute, and trade foodAgriculture is on a schedule, leading to planning, religion to predict rainfall, etc.More division of labor in areas with irrigation because someone need to dig channels, etc.Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-3Slide4
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13-4Figure 13A.1Early UrbanizationSlide5
13B: Early Spread of Urbanism
After the core urban hearths were established, the idea of cities spreadEarly cities developed hinterlands to support themselvesRiver locations were critical for farming and for transportation, but technology changes allowed cities in other areas to formCity-states evolved into territorial states which sometimes became empiresEmpires developed huge capital cities and promoted the growth of provincial capitalsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-5Slide6
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13-6Figure 13B.2Sumerian CitiesSlide7
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13-7Figure 13B.4Roman Empire in 14A.D.Slide8
13C: Urbanization in an Era of Capitalism
UrbanizationThe increase in the percentage of people who live in citiesNot the same as an increase in the size of a cityA city’s situation is critical because it needs to rely on and protect its hinterlandCapitalism led to cities that relied more on the activities of merchants than politiciansCapitalist cities formed into urban networks with strong functional linkages to other cities and areasCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-8Slide9
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13-9Figure 13C.2Medieval Trade NetworksSlide10
13D: Industrial Cities
Industrialization required a lot of laborWhich required more efficient agricultureBetter transportation allowed cities to get food and resources from farther awayCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-10Slide11
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13-11Figure 13D.3Urbanization in EuropeSlide12
13E: The Urbanization Curve
A way to describe the process by which a society becomes more urbanAn S-curve, meaning that urbanization starts slowly, then accelerates, then levels offCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-12Slide13
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13-13Figure 13E.1The Urbanization CurveSlide14
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13-14Figure 13E.2Urbanization in Select CountriesSlide15
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13-15Figure 13F.113F Urbanization Patterns GloballySlide16
13G: Agglomeration Economies & Urban Functions
Different economic activities tend to locate near each other, which in turn can attract other activities (see Module 16.E)The linkages between urban functions within a city were complemented by more connections among citiesMore and more cities began specializing in a particular industryBoston: UniversitiesPittsburgh: SteelLos Angeles: Film & TVCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-16Slide17
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13-17Figure 13G.1Agglomeration & Rural AreasSlide18
13H: Urban Hierarchies & the Rank-Size Relationship 1
Within an urban network there is an urban hierarchy, i.e. not all cities are of equal size or importanceSome regions have an urban hierarchy represented by a rank-size relationshipPopulation of Cityr=Population of City1/rCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-18Slide19
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13-19Figure 13H.1U.S. City Size DistributionSlide20
13H: Urban Hierarchies & the Rank-Size Relationship 2
Some countries have one city that is disproportionally large, called a primate cityPrimate cities are often the cultural and economic hubPrimate can form because they were once the capital of a larger area or because there is uneven development in the countryOther countries have binary trinary rank-size distributions, where 2 or 3 cities dominateCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-20Slide21
13I: Globalization & World Cities
Globalization is a greater integration of peoples, companies, and governments around the worldToday, there is a world system of citiesA world city is a city at the top of the global hierarchyNew York, London, TokyoCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.13-21Slide22
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13-22Figure 13I.1World Cities