Chapter 10 We Need to Support Other Watches and Mobile Devices and at Least Android Phones Need to define and document business procedures train staff involve other partners Make system ID: 619001
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Slide1
Development Processes
Chapter 10Slide2
“We Need to Support Other Watches and Mobile Devices, and at Least Android Phones.”
Need
to define and document business procedures, train staff,
involve other partnersMake system more generally availableStrategic implication: Spin off PRIDE as separate business?
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide3
Study Questions
Q1:
How are
business processes, IS, and applications developed?Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? Q3: How is Business Process Modeling Notation used to model processes?
Q4:
What are the
phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?Q7: 2023?
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Q1: How Are Business Processes, IS,
and Applications Developed?
Process of creating and maintaining information systems
Requires:Establishing system goals
Setting up the project
Determining requirements
Business knowledge and management skillCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide5
Activities in a Business Process and the Correlating Information Systems
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Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems
1.
Business processes, information systems, and applications have different characteristics and components.
2. Relationship of business processes to information systems is many-to-many, or N:M. A business process need not relate to any IS, but IS relates to at least one business process.
3.
Every IS has at least one application because every IS has a software component.
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Scope of Development Process
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Role of Development Personnel
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Q2: How Do Organizations Use Business Process Management (BPM)?
Business process
Network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and data flows that interact to accomplish a business functionCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide10
Why Do Processes Need Management?
Improve Process Quality
Change in Technology
Change in Business FundamentalsMarket (new customer category, change in customer characteristics)
Product lines
Supply chain
Company policyCompany organization (merger, acquisition)InternationalizationBusiness environmentCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide11
What Are BPM Activities?
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Q3: How Can BPMN Process Diagrams Help Identify and Solve Process Problems?
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As-Is Business Order Process: Existing Ordering Process
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Check Customer Credit Process
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Q4: What Are the Phases in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
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Define System Goals and Scope
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SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase
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Role of a Prototype
Provides user direct experience
Can be expensive to create
Parts often reusedCost occurs early, sometimes before full project funding availableCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide19
SDLC: Component Design Phase
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SDLC: Implementation Phase
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Conversion types
Pilot
Phased
Parallel
PlungeSlide21
Design and Implementation for the Five Components
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SDLC: System Maintenance Phase
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Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics
Estimating is just
“
theory”—average of many people’s guesses.Buy-in gameOverly optimistic schedules and cost estimatesAt what point
is
buy-in within accepted boundaries of
conduct?Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide24
Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics
Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what will really be required
Time and materials contract
Fixed-cost contractsIn-house projects often started with buy-insProjects start with hopes of more money later
Team members disagree about costs. Do you report it?
Not all costs included in initial estimates. Report it?
Do you buy-in on project schedule if you can’t make that schedule?Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide25
Q5: What Are the Keys for Successful SDLC Projects?
Create a work-breakdown structure.
Estimate time and costs.
Create a project plan.Adjust plan via trade-offs.Manage development challenges.
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Work Breakdown
Structure
(WBS)
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Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project
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Gantt Chart with Resources Assigned
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Primary Drivers of Systems Development
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Manage Development Challenges
1. Coordination
2. Diseconomies of scale
3. Configuration control4. Unexpected eventsCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide31
Difficulty of Requirements Determination
What specifically is system to do?
What, exactly, does the
report doctors receive look like?
Will they have both a standard and exception report? Are those reports fixed in structure or can
user
adapt them? If so, how?How many practices and how many patients per practice will PRIDE support?
How much cloud resource
needed?
Must create environment where difficult questions are asked and answered.
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Changing Requirements
Systems development aims at moving target
The bigger system, the longer the project, the more requirements change.
What should development team do?Incorporate changes, build, complete and make changes in maintenance phase?
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Scheduling and Budgeting Difficulties
How long to build it?
How long to create data model?
How long to build database applications?
How long to do testing?
How long to develop and document procedures?
How long for training?How many labor hours? Labor cost?What’s the rate of return on investment?Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide34
Changing Technology
Do you want to stop your development to switch to the new technology?
Would it be better to finish developing according to the existing plan?
Why build an out-of-date system? Can you afford to keep changing the project?Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide35
Diseconomies of Scale
Brooks’ Law
“Adding more people to a late project makes the project later
.”New staff must be trained by productive members who lose productivity while training.
Schedules
can be compressed only so
far.Once a project is late and over budget, no good choice exists.Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide36
Experiencing MIS InClass Exercise 10: GardenTracker
Suppose you and two or three other students decide to open a business that offers landscaping services. Your goal is to develop a list of clients for whom you provide regular and recurring services.
Need information system for tracking customers, services you have provided, and services you are scheduled to provide in the future.
As a new small business, you want a simple and affordable system based on Excel or Access. The name of the system is GardenTracker.
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Experiencing MIS InClass Exercise 10: GardenTracker (cont’d)
Explain
how you
would use SDLC to develop GardenTracker.Define the scope of your system.Explain process you would use to determine feasibility of
GardenTracker
.
List data you need for such an assessment, and explain how you might obtain or estimate that data.Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide38
Q6: How Can Scrum Overcome the Problems of the SDLC?
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Scrum Essentials
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Scrum Process
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When Does Scrum End?
Customer is satisfied with product created and accepts it.
Project runs out of time.
Project runs out of money.Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide42
How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process?
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Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques
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Q7: 2023
Continuing focus on aligning business processes and information systems with business strategy, goals, and objectives
Computer systems will be more easily changed and adapted
The cloud will lead to substantially more innovationEmergence of new software vendor business models
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Security Guide: Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know . . .
Do you think servers in China were actually shut down?
Large organizations with good IS departments that had a firewall set up on port 24 to only allow traffic to go to IP address of ISP did not lose any designs.
What about smaller organizations with minimal IS Department, or supported by small, unsophisticated VAR? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide46
Guide: The Real Estimation Process
Software developers are optimists.
People can’t work all the time.
Apply a factor like 0.6 to compute number of effective labor hours for each employee. Be aware of consequences of negotiating a schedule.
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Active Review
Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?
Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?
Q3: How is Business Process Modeling Notation used to model processes?Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?
Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?
Q7: 2023
?Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide48
Case Study 10: Cost of PRIDE
T
ypical
example of a new software venture So focused on technology and making it work, they neglect to consider what will happen, longer term, if it is a success.Some
problem solutions involve
staff training and
procedures. Longer term, Flores and his partners need a direction. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HalSlide49
Sources of PRIDE Costs
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