AREA OF STUDY ONE Aims for the session To gain an understanding of What is French Revolution Area of Study One How can I best prepare myself to succeed What I need to know to succeed 5 top tips for success ID: 621763
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Slide1
FRENCH REVOLUTION
AREA OF STUDY
ONESlide2
Aims for the sessionTo gain an understanding of:
What is French Revolution Area of Study One
How can I best prepare myself to succeed
What I need to know to succeed
5 top tips for successSlide3
Area of Study OneDates:
1781 Jacque Necker’s
Compte
Rendu
4th August 1789 – Night of Patriotic Delirium
Phrygian BonnetSlide4
Revolutions Study Design
http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/history/history-sd.pdf
Begin page 130
Area of Study One – French Revolution
An understanding of the ‘Revolutionary Ideas, Movements, Leaders and Events.
Key knowledge:
- Chronology of events (timeline)
- Causes of tensions and conflict (why did the people want change)
- Revolutionary ideas (ideas that suggested change from current system)
- Key Leaders (how did individuals develop ideas for change)
- Movements (where did the ‘energy’ for change come from)Slide5
How will I score well on SACs and exam?
Key skills:
Recall key dates with accuracy.
Have full awareness of the causes of tensions and conflicts of the Ancien Regime.
Ability to analyse and interpret images/documents/text.
‘Synthesize evidence to develop a coherent argument’ (Understand how one event/idea/leader/movement influence another and be able to link them together.
Have knowledge of and be able to use a variety of Historian’s opinions to support your response to a question.Slide6
How do I succeed???Depends on your definition of success?
Understanding number 1: You do not have to know everything about everything. 3 or 4 things about everything.
Document your reading and knowledge. Summary Book and Quote Book.
Question everything you read. Ask yourself why?
Have the right resources. 2 print resources for France.
Ask questions, search for answers, understand different interpretations of events.Slide7
Summary Book Topics – Area of Study One
King
Louis XIV
King Louis XV
King Louis XVI
Divine right monarchyVersaillesTaxation system
The Three Estates (Church, Nobles, the rest)
Marie Antoinette
The enlightenment and the Philosophes
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Rousseau
Diderot
Physiocrats
American War of IndependenceLa FayetteCompte RenduJacques Necker
Charles – Alexander de
Calonne
Archbishop
Brienne
Aristocratic Revolt/Assembly of Notables
Parlements
Royal Session (
Seance
Royale) 19 November 1787
Day of Tiles
Pamphlet war
Abbe Sieyes
Cahiers de
Doleances
Society of Thirty
Estates-General (great detail needed here)
Formation of National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Royal session 23 June 1789
Fall of the Bastille
Municipal revolt
Great Fear
4th August 1789 – Night of Patriotic Delirium
Marxist Historians views
Revisionist Historians views
Liberal Historians
viewsSlide8
What we need to know
France in 1781
France in August 1789
Louis XVI power and control = high
People power = low
Restlessness for change = Moderate
Louis power =
decreased
People power =
increased
Restlessness for change =
significantly increasedSlide9
What is France like in 1781?
Divine Right Absolute Monarchy King Louis XVI
3 Estates
Large rural peasantry
France involved in numerous wars prior to 1780’s
Royal court moved to Versailles (20km from centre of Paris)
Louis’ finances were in disarray.
To secure more funding Financial controller Jacques Necker was forced to publish the
Compte
Rendu
et
Roi
.
‘
The king of France needed no coronation. He reigned by the grace of God from the moment his predecessor breathed his last, and a coronation was purely
customarý
.’Doyle, P.1Slide10
The Three Estates
28 Million people in 1780.
First Estate : Clergy. 0.6% population. 170,000 people approx. Privileged taxation status. 10%land ownership France, 25% property ownership in Paris.
Second Estate: Nobility. 0.4% of population. 125,000 people approx. Privileged taxation status. 33% land ownership France.
Third
Estate:Everybody
else: Peasants, urban factory workers, artisans, bourgeoisie, merchants. 99% of population. No taxation privileges.
Tax burden met nearly entirely by the third estate
Those least able to afford taxes expected to pay the most.
The poverty of many and the grievances of nearly all French peasants were much aggravated by their liability for taxes from which noble landowners might well be immune…’
Hibbert
, P.30Slide11
France by August 1789Absolute Monarchy gone. Louis has made some concessions.
Feudal privileges gone (almost)
Louis’ military control significantly weakened
Popular power breeding and strengthening
Far less secure place for a Monarch to be.
Les
InvalidesSlide12
Causes of Tension prior to 1781
Ideas of ‘the Age of Enlightenment’.
Voltaire
Critical of Catholic Church’s power.
Rousseau
‘Noble Savage’’….’The General Will’….’Social Contract’……
Montesqieu
Separation of powers between Monarch and state
Diderot
Encyclopedie
– direct public opinion on matters of importance in society. Economics, religion, agriculture.
Ideas of Liberty, Equality and democracy emanating from the French involvement in the American Revolutionary War.
LaFayette
Rousseau
VoltaireSlide13
Tension: Lack of representative Government
King had 6 ministers in his cabinet. Generally courteous and obliging to the Louis.
Venal offices
Absolute monarchy
Political corruption (positions granted by birth not merit).Slide14
Tension: Disorganised Administration System
39 differing Generalities or provinces for taxation.
13 unequal legal zones
18 different legal zones
Adcock P. 9
Louis had no way of knowing how much tax he was meant to be collecting!Slide15
Tension: Participation in Wars
War of Polish Succession (1733-1738)
War of Polish Succession (1740-1748)
Seven Years
War (1756-1763)
American War of Independence (1775-1783)Significant damage to the royal treasury
LaFayetteSlide16
Tension: Socio- Economic Divide
Massive gulf between rich and poor
Small number of wealthy who owned a lot
Large number of poor who owned little or nothing.Slide17
Tension: Financial Crisis
Necker
Swiss, Protestant, not from Noble origin.
‘
Compte
Rendu au
Roi
’
Account of the King’s finances
Hot topic of public debate
Misleading: France was in surplus not deficit.
NeckerSlide18
Necker to Calonne
Calonne
continued to spend.
Belief that lavish living of the royals promotes confidence in order to gain further loans.
People now saw this as the main source of financial strain.
By 1786 France was spending 112 Million
Livres
more than it was earning.
38% of France’s income was being spent purely on repaying interest from loans.Slide19
Calonne
Urgent reform of French Taxation system needed.
Simplify confusing taxation system with the removal of many taxes and removal fiscal privilege.
A
sk wealthier estates to contribute to tax burden.
Single land tax on all land holders with no exemptions
‘It certainly took Louis XVI several months to understand it (tax changes) and authorize its
implementation.’Doyle
P.68-69.
‘The system of privilege alone infects everything, harms everything and prevents any improvements’
‘Such a state is inevitably an imperfect kingdom’
‘agriculture is crushed by overwhelming burdens and the state’s finances impoverished’
Calonne
, cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.31Slide20
CalonneKing’s laws needed to be passed by the
Parlement
This unusual new land tax law could be unpopular with many
Seek support through rarely used ‘Assembly of Notables’Slide21
Assembly of Notables – (Aristocratic Revolt)
22 February 1787
144 deputies mostly aristocratic
Notables feeling pressure from growing
bourgeosie
Calonne
unpopular
Calonne’s
motives appeared suspicious
Necker producing 10m surplus in 1781,
Calonne
115m deficit by 1786???
‘He (
Calonne
) totally miscalculated the forces he had let loose, and how to handle
them.’Doyle
P.70Slide22
Assembly of Notables
Huge recent spending on public works and royal residences to reassure creditors???
Calonne
argued well
Most changes were accepted in principal
Stumbling block: Removal of fiscal privilege.
Resolution: No changes without public scrutiny of Royal financial accounts
Calls in the provinces grew louder for the Estates General to be convened as the only body
Lack of consensus meant Louis dismissed
Calonne
and appointed
Brienne
.
Assembly dissolved May 1787.
Estates General: Meeting of the nation, where all estates (groups) in society would be represented in order to decide on an issue on National importance. Last convened in 1614.Slide23
Brienne – Second chance at tax reform
July 1787,
Brienne
modifies
Calonne’s
tax plan but maintains direct land tax on all.
Bypasses Assembly of Notables and lodges them with the
Parlement
of Paris 2 July 1787.
Parlements
full of Nobles and increasingly demonstrative in recent years
Parlement
rejects plans and declares that Estates General is only body capable of passing such laws.
6 August 1787 Louis attempts to impose Royal Power through a
lit de justice.Louis orders exile of Parlement to Troyes.
Huge rise in
popluar
agitation towards the monarchy. Increase in governmental and popular protests,
dempnstrations
and pamphlets.
Compromise by September:
Parlement
recalled if
Brienne
modifies tax plan.
‘Without the consent of the people, the
Parlement
would not consent to registration of the edicts.’ Fenwick and Anderson P.38Slide24
Royal Session – Séance Royale
19 November 1787
Brienne
hopes the King’s
prescence
will be enough for the
Parlement
to approve changes to laws.
King snaps and orders the edicts be registered.
Stalemate until 3 May 1788 when
Parlement
issues ‘Fundamental laws of the realm’ declaring that the Estates General were the only body capable of issuing new tax laws among other things.
Louis responded with the near botched arrest of the Magistrates and imposed his absolute rule.
Provincial
Parlements refused to yield. Grenoble 10 June 1788, people tore off roof tiles and pelted soldiers who were arriving to arrest the Magistrates of the
Parlement
.
Massive protests
insued
, anti monarchy and government pamphlets were produced in their hundreds. The price of bread had risen and crops were looking poor.
‘
Brienne
was close to victory, when the King, misunderstanding the situation, ordered the
Parlement
to register the laws. The
Parlement
, stunned, registered the laws, but after the King’s departure, they cancelled them all.’ Adcock
P.51
‘The King’s words turned what seemed to be a government triumph into a disaster’. Doyle cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.39
‘Within a week, the country was in uproar’. Fenwick and Anderson P. 40
http://coloriages.dessins.free.fr/wordpress/?
p=11756
Date accessed: 01/08/2012Slide25
Financial Collapse - Bankruptcy
Louis was running out of solutions to the protesting and rioting.
Louis had ‘enough money for the government to function for one afternoon’ (
Schama
cited in Fenwick and Anderson, P. 41.)
Massive Hailstorm on July 13 1789 destroyed much of the grain harvest in the Parisian basin.
Widespread discontent and no money resulted in Louis relenting and officially calling for the Estates General for 1 May 1789.
Brienne
resigns 24 August and is replaced by the recalled and popular Necker.
Brienne
describes Necker as ‘the only man I know who can restore the confidence of the people’. Fenwick and Anderson P.41.Slide26
Estates General
1614
Each estate has equal deputies (300)
Each issue for discussion is discussed in separate room by order.
Voting is by order: Result will be determined by 3 votes.
25 September 1788
Parlement
declare 1614 regulations will be enforced for 1789 meeting.
Overnight
Parlement
loses popularity and public opinion becomes outraged.
Public demand is for doubling of the deputies for the third estate, meeting in common rooms and voting by head, not by order. Issues to be resolved by 1200 votes.Slide27
Estates General
5 December 1788: King announces his decision: Doubling of the third estate deputies but did not declare on the issue of voting.
Elections for deputies begun and drawing up of
Cahiers (
grievences
)
got under way.
Thousands of political pamphlets were produced up to April 1789.
Abbe Sieyes ‘What is the Third Estate?’.
Usefulness in society had been misunderstood. Third estate seen as nothing, but they should be seen as ‘everything’.
‘What is the Third Estate? Everything
What had it been before in the political order? Nothing
What does it demand? To become something therein.’ Sieyes cited in Fenwick and Anderson P. 44
‘A law not made by the people is no law at all.’ Sieyes cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.45.Slide28
The Deputies Meet at Versailles
2 May 1789
Deputies received by Louis
4 May 1789
Procession to and celebration of Mass at church of St. Louis in Versailles.
Strict social distinctions were observed.
Order and entrance of reception for Louis.
Clothing
Procession to church
‘The more brilliantly the first two orders swaggered, the more they alienated the
T
hird Estate and provoked it into exploding the institution all together.’
Schama
cited in Fenwick and Anderson P. 73
‘The Queen received not a single acclamation.’ Hibbert, cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.73Slide29Slide30
Estates General – Debate continues
13 June 1789: 3 members of the clergy join the Third Estate in their meeting room.
More clergy cross over to Third on 14 June 1789.
17 June 1789 Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly.
Louis had not intervened in discussion for the previous weeks as he was in mourning for the death of his 7 year old son, Louis Joseph, who died on June 4.
‘The Dauphin’s funeral was said to have cost 600k
livres
.’ Fenwick and Anderson P.77Slide31
Tennis Court Oath (Bourgeois Revolt)
19 June, Clergy vote to officially join the National Assembly.
20 June: Meeting hall locked: Move to next nearest large enough venue, Royal Tennis Court.
There the deputies of the new National Assembly swore an oath to never disband until France had a constitutionSlide32
Tennis Court today….Slide33
Salle du Jeu de PaumeSlide34
Martin Dauch - OpposantSlide35
National Assembly - developments
23 June 1789 – Séance Royale
King orders National Assembly to disband but gives some concessions then orders deputies to retire and reform the following day.
24 June 1789: Troops loyal to Louis join the Assembly
25 June 1789: 47 liberal nobles, including
Duc
dÓrleans
(Kings cousin) join the assembly
27 June 1789: Louis orders voting by head and deliberations in common after he is warned of massive protest from Paris.
‘Go and tell those who have sent you that we are here by the will of the Nation, and we will only go if we are driven out by
Bayonettes
!’Mirabeau cited in Fenwick and Anderson P. 79
‘They mean to stay!....Well, then, damn it! Let them
stay!’Louis
XVI cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.79Slide36
Rising Tensions in Paris26 June and 1 July 1789: Troops loyal to Louis enter Paris, a violent suppression seems likely.
10 July: Louis refuses to remove troops from Paris
11 July: Necker is dismissed
Sunday 12 July: Paris erupts.
Desmoulins call to arms at the
Palais
Royal incites looting, protesting, confrontations with army
13 July: Parisian officials form Paris Commune in order to attempt to quell riotingSlide37
Champ de MarsSlide38
Desmoulins
‘To arms, to arms and let us take the green cockade, the colour of hope…. Yes it is I who call my brothers to freedom; I would rather die than submit to servitude.’ Desmoulins cited in
Schama
, Citizens P.382
‘During that single night of largely unobstructed riot and demolition, Paris was lost to the Monarchy.’
Schama
, Citizens P. 387
http://
francofilesfunfacts.blogspot.com.au/2009/07/camille-desmoulins-incites.html
Accessed on 01/08/12Slide39
Palais
Royal (front view)
Palais
Royal (Garden out back)
Palais
Royal (rear garden)Slide40
The attack on the Bastille (Popular Revolt)
Built on Eastern side of Paris to defend it from the English in the 14
th
century.
Later years turned into a prison for wealthier prisoners.
Conditions were very good for a prison of that time, but developed a reputation for torture and despotism due to the literary works being produced inside its walls by prisonersSlide41
The attack on the Bastille…
Morning of 14 July; protestors attack les
invalides
to
retreive
weapons.Gun powder is believed to be at the Bastille. Protestors arrived mid morning and were denied entry by
Governer
de
Launay
.
Protestors were received by de
Launay
but no compromised was reached.
Protestors breached walls and
firefight ensued.Up to 100 protestors killed. Accounts vary.de Launay captured and summarily executed by the mob after a confrontation with a butcher named
Desnot
, his head was severed from his body and placed on a pike and paraded around the city.Slide42Slide43Slide44
The Bastille today…Slide45
Bastille today…Slide46
Louis’ response
‘
Rien
.’Louis XVI diary entry on July 14 1789
.
http://www.last.fm/group/'pataphysics/forum/106396/_/
480734/2
Date accessed: 31/7/12
http://
forum.alexanderpalace.org/index.php?topic=6320.45
Date accessed: 01/08/12Slide47
The Bastille….The fall out
15 July: Louis attends National Assembly with only his two brothers for support. Confirms withdrawal of troops from Paris.
Conservative Nobility begin emigration to other nations fostering privileges societies. Become known as the
emigres
. Comte
dÁrtois
leaves July 16.
National Guard formed to protect the property of wealthy citizens led by Marquis de Lafayette
July 17: Louis is escorted to Hotel de Ville to reaffirm his promises of 15 July. He receives and wears the Revolutionary cockade and is acclaimed by the crowd!
Hotel de Ville – Town HallSlide48
Fall out spreads to Provinces and Country side… (Peasant Revolt)
News of the fall of the Bastille was greeted with joy around France. Other urban centres attacked grain stores and tax offices.
Beginning with the drafting of the Cahiers, many peasants had simply stopped paying their feudal dues.
Fear and speculation spread throughout country side….Would Louis retaliate?
Brigands, foreign armies, King’s militia, were roaming the rural areas of France for retribution.
Peasants struck first. Attacking the chateau and manor houses, removing and destroying evidence linking them to their dues.
Fires in villages sparked fear that retaliation was on its way.
http://www.dipity.com/amaraxmarie/French_Revolution
/
Date accessed: 01/08/12Slide49
4 August 1789: The Night of Patriotic Delirium
News of disturbances delayed in reaching the Assembly.
Progressive members suggested forfeiting their feudal dues to quell uprisings.
Became an bidding war
Venal offices removed, equal taxation accepted, privileges were no more.
All privileges not removed
fully until 1792.
‘a moment of patriotic drunkenness.’
Schama
cited in Fenwick and Anderson P.88
http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~
a0100238/warum.htm
Accessed on 01/08/12Slide50
Bibliography
Texts:
Adcock, Michael; Analysing the French Revolution, 2
nd
Edition. Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, 2009.
Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. 2
nd
Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002.
Fenwick, Jill and Anderson, Judy; Liberating France. HTAV, Melbourne, 2010
.
Hibbert
, Christopher. The French Revolution. Penguin Books, London, 1980.
McPhee, Peter. The French Revolution; 1789-1799. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002
.
Schama, Simon. Citizens; A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Penguin Books, London, 2004.
Images:
Photos are authors own.
Images have been sourced from Wikimedia Commons
http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
All other images have been referenced in the presentation.
These materials are to be used for the purpose of individual study only. Some materials may be subject to copyright under the Copyright Act 1968. All reasonable attempts have been made to trace copyright holders for permission to use materials but the presenter invites anyone who believes they have copyright over items to contact him if they have any concerns.Slide51
Top 5 Tips for success…
1. Read numerous sources of information
2. Hand write your notes as you go along (summary book).
3. Question what you read and your teacher.
4. Collect quotes on topics
5. Practice responses before SACs or exams.Slide52
Thanks for listening….Good Luck!!!
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