Nanotechnology: A Challenge in Traditional Medicine - PowerPoint Presentation

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Nanotechnology: A Challenge in Traditional Medicine

Dr. B. B. Barik Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan UniversityKingdom of Saudi ArabiaSlide2

Traditional Medicines include?Diversity of health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral-based medicines; spiritual therapies; manual techniques; and exercises, applied singly or in combination maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose, or prevent illness

…..WHO

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Categories of Traditional Medicine (TM)

Main Popular System of TMTraditional Chinese MedicineIndian Ayurveda MedicineArabic

Unani MedicineHomeopathy

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MAJOR TRADITIONAL MEDICAL SYSTEMS

Ayurveda - widely practiced in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet, Burma and other countries.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (China and used throughout Asia)

Unani

Tibb or Greco-Arabian Medicine-being

practiced in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Middle East and a number of other countries.Yoga

- practiced for a long time all over India, Tibet, China and a few other countries and now spread to the Western countries.

Homoeopathy

- widely

practiced all over the world.

Tibetan

and related systems of medicine.

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AYURVEDA & TCM

Ayurveda is considered to be the most ancient of all medical disciplines. In

Ayurvedic medicine, the patient is viewed as unique, and ‘normality’ as what is appropriate for that particular person.

This is in contrast to Western medicine, where populations are generalized and ‘normal’ means what is applicable to the majority.

Chinese medicine is philosophically based, and as an holistic therapy the concept of balance and harmony is supremely important.

Philosophically, Ayurveda has similarities with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

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TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Comprises

of therapies employing

plant based products

.

-

Include herbs, herbal

extracts, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients, part of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.

Well

established and widely acknowledged to be safe and

effective

and may be accepted by national authorities

.

Potent and effective as they were thousand years ago.

Alleviate wide range of diseases

Hence, call for development of delivery system for their attributes and principles.

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Other opportunities for Traditional Medicine to address challenges in modern healthcare

Due to advances in medical science life spans are increasing and leading to a new set of health challenges around age related diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. Many drugs for treatment and prevention of chronic diseases

require long-term use - toxicity may aggregate over time.

Development of drug resistance and compensatory mechanisms is often an issue upon treatment.

Traditional medicine utilizes a systems biological approach to target multiple mechanisms of disease treatment and prevention,

rather than focusing on treatment with single chemical medicines.

To overcome these different challenges, a traditional approach can be explored.

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Physical Factors:Cold, Heat, Pressure, Radiations, Atmospheric composition, Rhythms

Chemical

Water Pollutants, Metal Pollutants, Pesticides, Preservatives, Additives,

Nutrition.

Mental Stress

Social

Economical

Mutations, Enzyme levels, Hormones and other Biological processes

Free Radicals

NEWER SYNDROMES/ LIFE STYLE DISORDERS Slide9

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CONTD… NEED FOR HERBAL DRUG DEVELOPMENTMany factors resulting from modern scientific technological advances disturbing universal laws of nature lead to increased prevalence of

diabetes, cancer, hypertension, cardiac disorders

etc. needs long term safe and effective therapies besides improvement in quality of life .

The changing concepts of health and disease and the understanding of the life process have demonstrated

that the cure of an ailment is no more the sole possibility of a chemical drug or the knife of a surgeon. Slide10

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NEED FOR HERBAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT - WHY?Morbidity and Mortality due to drug reaction

Changing of environmental conditions causing many disorders.Changing life style leads to increased incidence of life style diseases.

Aging and growing global population require an evolution in drug development.

-

Herbal drugs are inexpensive in long term use- Natural/eco-friendly

- No adverse effects in general

- Easily availableSlide11

HERBAL MEDICINES

– GLOBAL SCENARIO

Populations using TM worldwide

Populations in developing countries using traditional medicine for primary health care

Ethiopia

Benin

India

Rwanda

Tanzania

Uganda

Populations in developed countries who have used complementary and alternative medicine at least once

Canada

Australia

France

USA

Germany

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Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS).…?

Goals: Provide a therapeutic amount of drug to targeted site of the body.

Maintain desire therapeutic efficacy of drug.Minimize the levels of side effects.

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Water insolubility

Administration of high dose due

to poor absorption

Nonspecific delivery

Poor bioavailability

Toxicity due

to chronic

exposure

Lack of drug

release

profile

HURDLES IN DRUG DELIVERY

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NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary research field developed with an amalgamation of chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine, and has various useful applications in NDDS, and development of novel treatments.NANOPARTICLES:

Nanoparticles are the end products of a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological processes some of which are novel and radically different, others of which are quite commonplace.

Nanoparticles may be defined as submicron (<1µm) colloidal systems, generally, but not necessarily, made of polymers (biodegradable or not).

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NANOSCALE DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLE

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GOALS:

Control the particle size, surface properties and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen.Difference between Liposomes and Nanoparticles:

Liposomes

Nanoparticles

Protecting drugs from degradation.

Less targeting to site of action. Reduction toxicity or side effects.

Low encapsulation efficacy. Rapid leakage of water soluble drug in the presence of blood components and poor storage stability.

Increase the stability of drugs. More targeting to site of action.

Increase the encapsulation efficacy.

Minimize the leakage of water soluble drug in the presence of blood components.

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Advantages of Nanoparticles:

Particle size and surface characteristics of Nanoparticles can be easily manipulated to achieve both passive and active drug targeting. They control and sustain release of the drug during the transportation and at the site of localizationSubsequent clearance of the drug so as to achieve increase in drug therapeutic efficacy and reduction in side effects.

Drug Loading is relatively high and drugs can be incorporated into the systems without chemical reaction. Site-specific targeting can be achieved by attaching targeting

ligands to surface of particles.

The system can be used for various routes of administration including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.,

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Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations

Great advances have been made on development of novel drugdelivery systems (NDDS) for plant actives and extracts. Novel herbalformulations

 like polymeric nanoparticles,  nanocapsules

, liposomes, 

phytosomes,nanoemulsions, microsphere, have been reported using bioactive and plant extracts. 

Novel formulations are reported to have remarkable advantages  over conventional formulations of plant actives and extracts which include enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, protection from toxicity, enhancement of pharmacological activity, enhancement of stability, improved tissue macrophages distribution, sustained delivery, and protection from physical and chemical degradation.

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The Challenges which are commonly considered in nanotechnology based herbal products(a) Solubility enhancement of poorly aqueous soluble or hydrophobic drugs

(b) Better permeability through biomembranes(c) Faster absorption and good bioavailability(d) Modification of biodistribution and pharmacokinetics(e) Drug targeting and crossing biological barrier to deliver active component to specific organ or tissue(f) Slow or inhibition of drug metabolism(g) Increased gastric residence(h) Toxicity, etc.

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Characteristics of nanoparticles that influence the successful delivery of herbal drugs

Size of the nanoparticlesPhysico-chemical properties of extracts, e.g., aqueous solubility and stabilitySurface properties, e.g., charges, shapes, porosity, permeability etc.

Degree of biodegradation

Biocompatibility and interaction

Toxicity

Drug loading in nanoparticles and encapsulation efficiencyRelease profile of active component from the product, e.g., type of release (immediate release, controlled release or targeted release), order of release (zero order or first order release), and mechanism of release (dissolution, diffusion, matrix system etc.)

Antigenicity

, etc.

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OPPORTUNITY FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

Curcumin, isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae

) and widely accepted as traditional medicine in Southeast Asia.

It is commonly used as spice and nutritional supplement, Used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer activities and potentially acts against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis and Alzheimer's disease etc.

Major problems associated with its use are its low solubility, bioavailability and stability. Curcumin is reported to be unstable in the gut, and little amounts of curcumin that pass through the GI tract are rapidly degraded.

Nanotechnology has been successfully utilized here and has proven to be very effective in solving these problems.

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---- Contd ----

In vitro therapeutic efficacy of nanoformulated curcumin and free curcumin against a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines showed comparable results.Novel polymeric

amphiphile conjugates with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments showed minimal toxicity on

HeLa cells.Nanocrystal

solid dispersion of curcumin, amorphous solid dispersion, and nanoemulsion

exhibited marked improvement in the dissolution behavior when compared with crystalline curcumin with significant improvement in pharmacokinetic behavior.

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TaxolIt is a potent anticancer drug particularly for

leukemias and solid tumors in the breast, ovary, brain, and lungs.Taxol suffers from the fact that it is water insoluble.Ethanol or Cremophor EL are generally used for

solubilization which have side effects.

Polymeric NP drug delivery system for Paclitaxel improve therapeutic index and adverse effects of

Cremophor avoided.

Nanoparticles strongly enhances the cytotoxic effect as compared to Taxol

.

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Paclitaxel was loaded in sterically

-stabilized, biocompatible, and biodegradable phospholipid nanomicelles expresses >10-fold higher P-gp than its parental sensitive cell line, MCF-7 when compared with Paclitaxel

resistance in human breast cancer cell line.

PLGA nanoparticles loaded with camptothecin (a

cytotoxic alkaloid isolated from

Camptotheca acuminate) and conjugated with antibodies against colorectal tumor cells. It was observed that the uptake of antibody-nanoparticles was increased in the cell compared to the nanoparticles without the antibody and increased

cytotoxicity of

camptothecin.

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Ginkgo biloba

Sources: Grape seed, hawthorn, milk thistle, green tea, and ginsengActive Component: Flavonoid and

terpenoidsDrugs can be embedded or dissolved in nanoparticles and can also be adsorbed or coupled on the surface. Encapsulating drugs within NPs can improve the solubility and pharmacokinetics of drugs.

The leaf extract of

Ginko biloba

L. has been widely used for brain cell activation properties. The nano sized

G. biloba

extract is expected to activate the brain cell and work on the treatment of Alzheimer's dimentia (like loss of memory, thinking, language,

judgement

and

behaviour

) better than pure extract [30].

Ginko

biloba

Ginseng

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-- Contd. ---The leaf extract of

Ginko biloba L. has been widely used for brain cell activation properties. The nano sized G.

biloba extract is expected to activate the brain cell and work on the treatment of Alzheimer's dimentia

(like loss of memory, thinking, language, judgement

and behaviour) better than pure extract.

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Hypoglycemic effects

PLGA nanoencapsulated forms of Syzygium jambolanum and Gymnema

sylvestre have been shown to have relatively more hypoglycemic effects than their

unencapsulated extract. Nanoformulation of active

phytoconstituents, gymnemic

acids has shown to improve their physiological action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviors compared with that of some marketed products.

Syzygium

jambolanum

Gymnema

sylvestre

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LicoriceGlycyrrhizin and

glycyrrhetinic acid are the main bioactive compounds of licoriceThey are widely used in medicine for the treatment of many liver diseases.

Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared &modified with glycyrrhizin and confirmed that nanoencapsulated

drugs were preferentially accumulated in the rat hepatocytes by a

ligand receptor interaction.

It is also found that the cellular uptake of liposomes modified with glycyrrhetinic

acid by rat hepatocytes

was 3.3-fold higher than that of unmodified ones. 

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The pharmacokinetic behavior and physicochemical factors related with delivery systems are considered to be primarily responsible for the improved targeting and therapeutic effectiveness; therefore, dealing with these factors during development of nano

-herbal formulation can lead to more promising treatments for acute and chronic diseases. Therefore, the nanoformulation can overcome the disadvantages of poor aqueous solubility, physical instability, low drug absorption, lower bioavailability, slow pharmacological action, drug targeting, faster elimination, toxicity of many herbal drugs.

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Conclusion

It is long way to go...but…

Traditional Medicine will contribute to human health care in the 21st

century.

There are many challenges to the safety and effective use of traditional

medicine.

But there are huge scope for nanotechnology based traditional medicines.

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Thank You