Basins By Puskal Upadhyay Director Ministry of Water Resources River Development amp Ganga Rejuvenation amp Additional Mission Director National Mission for Clean Ganga Basin Management approach ID: 622399
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "The Challenges and Opportunities facing ..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
The Challenges and Opportunities facing the Ganga River Basin/ India's River Basins
By:
Puskal Upadhyay
Director (Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation) & Additional Mission Director (National Mission for Clean Ganga)Slide2
Basin Management approach
Helps integrate various components of ecosystem
Planning process becomes more comprehensive
Competing demands are addressed in more rational and sustainable mannerMoves from coordination based to governance based approachProblems of scale are better addressedProvides a natural base to the planning process
Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM
)
Ecosystems Management
River Basin ManagementSlide3
Source:
‘River Basin Atlas of India’ (2012), Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India
25 River Basins in India
Ganga BasinSlide4
Importance of Ganga Basin in India
Geographical coverage is the largest
– 26% of India’s land mass
Most populated basin – hosts 43% of India’s populationSecond highest average annual surface water potential – 28% of India’s total – second only to combined potential of Brahmaputra, Barack & others
38% of India’s total estimated utilizable water comes from Ganga Basin – highest amongst allEstimated utilizable surface water in Ganga is 48% of its total potential as compared to 4% for Brahmaputra
Total surface and groundwater storage in Ganga basin is largest – groundwater share is 64%Nearly 40% of India’s total estimated
replenishable ground water resources comes from Ganga Basin Slide5
Challenges faced by India’s River Basins
Growing Population & Increasing Water Demand
The per capita availability of India in 2010 is 1,588 m
3/year – moving towards water stressDemand expected to increase by 38% in next 4 decades
Irrigation – largest consumer of waterVery low water use efficiency – presently 35-40%
Based on a study, demand for domestic sector to grow 2.6 times, energy 3.7 times and industry 2.2 times in in next 4 decadesSlide6
Challenges faced by India’s River Basins contd.
Increase in water pollution
Partially or untreated municipal sewage
– 75% of the pollution load to streams & water bodiesEstimated sewage generation in India – 62000 MLD Treatment capacity available only for 32% of sewage generated
(CPCB, 2015)Industries contribute approximately 25% of the pollution load – highly toxic in nature
Contamination of groundwater with heavy metals– arsenic, fluoride, iron, etc
Drain discharging into river GangaSlide7
Challenges faced by India’s River Basins contd.
High seasonal variations & Extreme weather events – floods/droughts
Highly seasonal rainfall
– concentrated over 4-5 monthsHuge geographical variations in rainfall across the country
One-sixth of geographical area (40 million hectares) of country is drought-proneAround 7.5 million hectares affected by flood
Forecasting and warning systems not efficientSlide8
Challenges faced by India’s River Basins contd.
Trans- boundary water issues
Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak basins are international river basins
– management driven by agreements or treaties between riparian countriesRemaining basins are mostly inter-state
Water is a State subject – Centre only to manage in case of inter-state disputes
Multiple rights holders – States, Sectors, Individuals and CommunitiesSlide9
Challenges faced by India’s River Basins contd.
Fragmented Management
Water is a State subject
Management of water by multiple institutions– CWC, CPCB, CGWB, NDWA, etc.
River basin encompasses more than one State and its management require coordination between all stakeholders/departments/institutions
Instead of following river-basin management, most efforts by Government to manage river were town-centric and implemented by individual States
Activities in the upstream of a basin affects the downstream – cannot be managed by administrative boundaries
Management will not be holistic if basin approach is not takenMost efforts have failed because of fragmented managementSlide10
“River basin is a ‘geographical unit’ enclosing an area drained by streams and channels that feed a river at a particular point.”
Need for River Basin Management: Ganga Basin
Ganga Basin
Total Area :
8,61,404 km2Total Length : 2525 km
Uttarakhand : 450 km UP : 1000 km
Sharing length : 110 km( UP –Bihar) Bihar : 405 km
Jharkhand : 40 km West Bengal : 520 kmSlide11
Ganga Basin – comprises of 11 statesMainstem
flows through 5 states
Pollution in Bihar cannot be managed until upstream states are managed
Hence efforts between States cannot be disjointed – a basin level planning is requiredGanga Action Plan (GAP) I & II successfully created 961 MLD treatment capacity but with limited visible changeLearning from GAP – A holistic river basin approach required to manage the river GangaNeed for River Basin Management: Ganga Basin contd.
State Wise Catchment Area of River GangaSlide12
Upper Stretch
Gangotri to Haridwar
Length :
294 km Characteristics:
River flows on steep bedTurbulent flow with
high velocitiesCentre for pilgrim tourism & spiritual
activitiesMahaseer and Trout
key speciesChallenges:
Disruption of natural flow due to several
HEPs/
dams
Deforestation
Loss of native medicinal and herbal plants
Highly sensitive and fragile ecosystem and biodiversity
High inflow of tourists
Retreating Glaciers Slide13
Middle Stretch
Haridwar
to Varanasi
Length :
1082 km
Characteristics:River enters into plains
Wide river bed and flood plainActive
breeding sites of turtles, crocodiles,
ghariyals, gangetic
dolphins
, etc.
Narora
Atomic Power Plant
Challenges:
Huge quantities of water abstraction and diversion
High degree of pollutant loads from domestic, industrial and agricultural activities
Cluster of tanneries in Kanpur
Ramganga
and Kali – hotspot of pollutionSlide14
Lower Stretch
Varanasi to Ganga
Sagar
Length :
1134 km
Characteristics:Heavy sediment transport and deposition
Meandering river and frequent change in channel path
Active breeding sites of Gangetic
Dolphins, etc. Sunderbans
- a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
& home
to Bengal
Tiger
Challenges:
Encroachment of river bed, sand mining, etc.
Frequent floods and droughts
Large point and non-point pollution load
International
disputes on flows and interventionsSlide15
08/09/2014
15
Efforts Towards Ganga Conservation
GAP I
Launched in 1985
Focus on Main stem of River Ganga
25 Towns Covered
260 schemes completed
GAP II
Extended from GAP I in 1993
Merged
with NRCP in
1996
Taken up works on four tributaries – Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar & Mahananda
NRCP
Launched in 1995
Covered 41 major Rivers of the country
8 Ganga basin rivers taken up
viz
Betwa
, Chambal,
Gang.a
,
Mahananda
,
Mandakini
,
Ramganga
, Yamuna
NGRBA
Separate Authority for Ganga created in
2009
Chaired by Prime Minister of India
NMCG
as an implementing body at center and
SPMGs
at states
Namami
Gange
Project under Separate Ministry for Ganga Rejuvenation
All 11 Basin states covered
Conservation measures for all tributaries of Ganga
GAP
:Ganga Action Plan
NRCP
: National River Conservation Plan
NGRBA
:National Ganga River Basin Authority
NMCG
:National Mission for Clean Ganga
SPMGs :
State Program Management Groups
A
Shift
Towards
Basin
Based ApproachSlide16
‘Namami Gange’ – Holistic approach
Thrust Areas
Improved Inter-Ministerial and Centre-State Co-ordination
Tributaries and sub-tributaries of Ganga brought under one
umbrella –
Holistic Basin Approach
Pollution abatement
Wholesome River
Peoples’ participation and creating awareness
Research and Monitoring
Capacity Building and State’s participation
Conservation of biodiversity
River Front Development
Flood-plain protection & Sand-Mining
Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) by IIT ConsortiumSlide17
‘Namami
Gange’ –
Holistic approach contd.
Duration: 5 Years 2015-16 to 2019-20
Cost (2015-16 to
2019-20): ₹20,000 crores
Includes ongoing projects and new initiatives
Four-fold
increase over the expenditure in the past 30 years
Primary
focus on
pollution
abatement
Moving
from
‘River
Cleaning
’ to ‘River
Rejuvenation
’
Municipal Sewage Management
River Surface Cleaning
Industrial
Pollution
Rural Sanitation
Water Quality Monitoring
Biodiversity Conservation
Connecting People with River
Aviral
Ganga
CrematoriaSlide18
Efforts initiated under
Namami
GangeRiver Front Development
100% sewerage treatment infrastructure for 118 Towns
River Surface Cleaning
Massive Afforestation Drive
Treatment of drains
Strict enforcement for Industrial pollution
Improved wood-based crematoriaSlide19
Meeting the challenge: opportunities
Problem flagged at appropriate time
River Ganga is still a living river (Dissolved Oxygen meets the standard at majority of the segments)
Rejuvenation efforts initiated with launch of ‘
Namami
Gange’
Dolphins, turtles, ghariyals though threatened but efforts to conserve these species are initiated
Existing Institutions
River Ganga declared as ‘National River’
Prime Minister announced ‘
Namami
Gange
’ Program
Budget allocated for Ganga Rejuvenation has increased 4 fold –
Rs
20,000 Crores till 2019-20
Sharing of international experience
National Commitment and Priority
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
– an apex level Authority chaired by Hon’ble PM of India
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
– implementing body of NGRBA
State Program Management Group (SPMGs)
– in all 5 basin states
Successful experience of international rivers such as
Rhine, Danube, Thames, Murray-Darling, etc.
provides learning for Ganga RejuvenationSlide20
Thank You