The English Civil War, France Under Louis XIV, and Eastern - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The English Civil War, France Under Louis XIV, and Eastern Europe

Unit 4Slide2

1. Netherlands, Venice, Switzerland few democracies & republics2. Netherland won total independence from Spain as a result of the 30/80 years war

Pre NotesSlide3

*

Parliamentary

monarchy

(England)

and political absolutism (France-Dicatator) were the two models.What is Parliamentary monarchy and absolute monarchy? Parliament limits monarch’s power; monarch has all the power*if you wore a crown, you are both political absolute & absolute monarch. But if you weren’t a leader before & rose to power, you are only a political absolute

Part 1:

Two Models of European Political Development.

Reading Assignment

Pg. 419-420Slide4

Summary of Unit 3

Line

of Succession – brief history of English throne

1509 =

Henry VIII – marries Catherine of Aragondaughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain former wife of Henry’s brother Arthurhad a daughter – MaryB. 1531 = Henry is recognized as head of the church in England1533 = Henry VIII – marries Anne Boleynhad a daughter – Elizabeth1534 = Act of Succession – made Anne’s children heirs to the throne1536 = Anne executed for treason and adultery1536 = Henry marries Jane Seymour1537 = Jane dies giving birth to Edward VIHenry marries Anne of Cleves – later annulled by ParliamentHenry marries Catherine Howard – beheaded for adultery in 1542Henry marries Catherine Parr – outlives Henry

Part 2:

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

Reading Assignment pg. 420-428Slide5

1547 – 1553 = Edward VI becomes kingten years old – reigned under regencies

1553 – 1558 =

Mary

becomes queen of England

married to King of Spainrestored Catholic religion in England----1558-1603 = Elizabeth becomes Queen of England----1. Dies with no _children___ or heir to the throne.Slide6

1603 – King James VI of Scotland – son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, becomes King James I

of

England

(King of Scotland & England)

inherited large royal debt and divided church= Anglican & Puritanwrote True Law of Free Monarchies – advocated divine right of kings= All kings chosen by Goda. 1.Scottish Calvinist 2. now head of the Anglican Church 3.lenient towards Cath.levied impositions = custom duty (tax/tariff) members of Parliament resent inability to control pursesold peerages and titles to the highest bidders- titles of nobility (sold by Duke of Buckingham for James I)

*Parliament only convened when James

__

summoned

___

it.

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in

Stuart

EnglandSlide7

1604 – Hampton Court Conference

established Anglican Church over

Puritan

demands

= purify the Anglican church of certain elements of RCC doctrine, don’t like the rule of bishops1611 – publication of the King James version of the Bible1620’s – English colonization of the new world:1. Jamestown (is the first permanent Eng colony in the new world)2. Plymouth3. Massachusetts Slide8

*James I foreign policy

(how you treat other countries)

made his people suspicious because he:

concluded peace with Spain in 1604tried to arrange a _marriage__ between his son and a Spanish princesshesitated to rush English troops to aid German Protestants in the Thirty Years’ Warattempted to relax penal codes (penalties) against _Catholics___.Just before James death England went to war against _Spain

__

mainly in

response

to parliamentary pressures.Slide9

*To fund a new war with Spain, Charles levied new tariffs and duties, attempted to collect discontinued taxes, subjected his people to forced loans to raise money, and enforced previously neglected laws

.

Refuse to give money, go to jail!

forced people to quarter troops

*1628 – Parliament passes Petition of Right – Charles agreesno forced loans or taxation without the consent of Parliamentno freeman should be imprisoned without due cause troops should not be billeted in private homesmale subjects with property worth more than 5 pounds would have right to vote for members of Parliament. (House of Commons)1625 – Charles I becomes king of England and ScotlandSlide10

1629 – Charles dissolves Parliament when it tries to limit his power of taxation & church/ 1630 Charles makes peace with Spain.1634 – Charles imposes ship money to all of England

ship money

=

tax on a coastal county to pay for naval protectionsold titles & knighthoods just like his father James ISlide11

1637 – Book of Common Prayer = Charles tried to have all churches conform even those in

_

Scotland

___.

Scotland was a Calvinist (Presbyterian) kingdom. Charles imposes the rule of bishops on Scotland.Scots rebel (Prayer Book Riots) afraid of Catholic influence in churchShort Parliament – Charles called to get funding for war against ScotsParliament makes list of grievances to which Charles must agree.Charles dissolves Parliament. Short Parliament only met for 3 weeks from April 13 to May 5, 1640.Presbyterian Scots invaded England – Charles recalls Parliament1. Scots win the battle of NewbernSlide12

Long Parliament Nov.1640-1648: Charles agrees to demands of Long Parliament in the

*

Grand Remonstrance

: #1, 2 , 3, & 4 below.

*levying of new taxes without consent of Parliament and the inland extension of ship money became illegal*Parliament resolved that no more than 3 years should elapse between its meetings*Parliament could not be _dismissed_ without its own consent.*Parliament determined that no king could again govern without consulting it.a. the leader of the Long Parliament was ___John Pym____.

b. executed Charles’s advisors

_

Strafford

(Thomas

Witworth

)

____

(1641) and

__

Laud

__.

1645

c. Charles’s arrest attempt (Jan. 1642)

:

Charles & Musketeers bust through doors of the House of Commons, but Pym & buddies escaped through the back doorSlide13

House

of Commons pass

Militia Ordinance

=

Authority to raise an armyEruption of Eng. Civil War 1642-1646/ 2nd Eng. Civil War 1647-1649. Charles I-had to flee London vs. 2. Parliament/Oliver Cromwell- a. Cavaliers – supporters- long hair a. Roundheads- supporters-

short hair

b

. Charles tried to regain absolute

b

. Militia Ordinance=Par.

monarchy. raised an army. Scotland

c

.

Edgehill

: 1

st

major battle: draw then joins side of Parliament.

2

. Roundheads

_

win

_ decisive battles of Marston Moor and

Naseby

during first ECWa. May 1646: Charles defeated/captured. a. Cromwell was a devout He was allowed to keep crown and Puritan and great military then escaped in Nov. 1647. Start of commander. (New Model Army) 2nd Eng. C.W. _Scotland__ now helps b. Cromwell later defeats Charles. Scotland & Ireland after ECWs1648 Parliament wins the Battle of Preston during 2nd ECW. Roundheads win the __2nd ECW__ Roundheads won both civil wars; Cromwell eventually becomes Parliament’s military commanderSlide14

Rump Parliament Dec. 1648-1653 1.

Prides Purge

: Colonel Pride (subordinate of Cromwell) removed those

members

of Parliament who wanted to negotiate with the king for surrender.a. January 1649: King Charles was executed (beheaded). Chopped Charlie executed with his crown2. Rump Parliament dismissed by __Cromwell____= leads to despotism (dictatorship).Slide15

Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector) establishes

dictatorship1653-1658

(Top 10 best generals in history) (extreme Puritan)

1.

*officially England was a Puritan Republic, but in reality it was a dictatorship. Protectorate Parliament-dismissed twice-during the reign of Cromwell. The Anglican Church was temporally abolished in England.2. army and foreign adventures (especially to Ireland) inflated budget3. commerce suffered throughout England4. religious problems continued – Anglican Church & Presbyterians replaced by Puritan Republic=*strict laws such as. . .No theater, no dancing, taverns closed, cut maypoles down, cancelled Christmas. Richard Cromwell (2nd Lord Protector) briefly rules England-9 months 6. Rump Par. returns. / replaced by Long Par./ replaced by Convention Par.= invited Stuart Monarchy back to EnglandSlide16

Clarendon Code – Parliament excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, & Independents

(Congregationalists)

from religious and political life in

England (reaction to Puritanism)penalties for attending non- Anglican servicesrequired strict adherence to the Book Of Common Prayerdemanded oaths of allegiance to the Church of England from all persons serving in local government.Anglican church restored through the Clarendon CodeCharles II – son of Charles I restored to monarch, continues Stuart family dynastySlide17

Navigation Acts

– required all imports to be carried on English ships or ships registered to the country from which the cargo originated. (1663)

angered Dutch since they carried much trade between colonies and Europe

war started (First Anglo-Dutch War)finances needed – Parliament appropriates only so much moneyCharles II increases custom dutiesSlide18

. *

Treaty of Dover

– secret alliance between England & France against

Holland

(Only Charles II & Louis XIV knew) other names for Holland are . . .Netherlands, Dutch Republic, United ProvincesFrance (King Louis XIV) gave money to England for warCharles II allows Catholicism in England (Charles II suppose to convert to Catholicism.—never does convert until on his deathbed)Declaration of Indulgence – 1672suspends all laws against Roman Catholics & ProtestantsParliament refuses to grant money until law is rescinded/ Charles II rescinds lawSlide19

Test Act – Parliament requires all gov’t officials & military to swear

an oath against the doctrine of

transubstantiation=

no good Catholic goes against transubstantiation (it’s heresy)

 James, Duke of York, Charles’s brother, heir to the throne, and devout Catholic, was targeted by the Test Act.Parliament tries to enact a bill excluding James from succession to throne.Charles II disbands Parliament before they could enact bill. 2. 1685 = Charles II diesSlide20

dissolved Parliament after they refused to repeal Test Actappointed Catholics to gov’t and military positions

*

1687

Declaration of Indulgence – suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship . . .James’s wife gives birth to male Catholic heir to throneParliament urges William of Orange (husband of Mary, eldest daughter of James II, a Protestant) to invade England to preserve Anglican Church & Parliamentary gov’t * 1688 Glorious Revolution = very little bloodshedWilliam of Orange invades EnglandJames II flees to France and later to Ireland.Parliament declares William & Mary new monarchs of England. Equal Power!

James II

becomes king (ruled 1685-1688)Slide21

Bill of Rights

(actually lasts)

= limited powers of monarch and guaranteed civil liberties of the English

privileged classes

= Nobilitymonarch subject to law and would rule by the consent of Parliamentprohibited Roman Catholics from occupying English throneToleration Act of 1689 permitted worship by all Protestants (except Unitarians-don’t believe in the trinity) and outlawed Cath.Act of Settlement of 1701ensured that a Protestant would inherit the throne if Queen Anne (second daughter of James II, Protestant) died without heir to throneshe outlived all of her childrenWilliam III & Mary II

1689 – proclaimed English monarchsSlide22

1. 1707, Act of Union officially unites

_

Scotland

_

and __England___.= United Kingdom, later Wales and N. Ire.The Age of Walpole and George I (First Hanover King) (Ruler of HRE state of Hesse) George I almost immediately confronted a challenge to his power from James Edward Stuart (defeated when he invaded Scotland), the son of James II. *Those who supported the Stuarts return to power were called the …Jacobites*Robert Walpole ( the first _

Prime Minister

___)

took over the helm with the support of George I and was able to control the House of Commons. Walpole maintained

_

peace

__

abroad and controlled government patronage.

Queen Anne

– 1702-1715 = last of the Stuart familySlide23

John

Pym Leader of Long Parliament Queen Anne

King Charles I (Chopped Charlie) Slide24

Pre notes: Louis XIV wanted to weaken the noble’s power

The groundwork for Louis XIV’s absolutism was laid by powerful ministers

Richelieu

(under Louis XIII) and

Mazarin. (under Louis XIII & XIV)Mazarin died in 1661 and Louis XIV was left to rule France by himself. (23 yrs old)Versailles becomes new capitol of Fr under Louis XIVLouis and many of his ministers became masters of propaganda.*Sun King: called this b/c the sun is the center of the solar system (levee-rising & setting of the king)Versailles Palace

:

biggest palace in European history

87,728,720

sq

ft

, originally designed as a hunting lodge

Part 3:

The World of Louis XIV

Reading

Assignment pg. 428-438Slide25

Bishop Jacques-Benigne

Bousset

(Louis XIV’s tutor) gave the concept of divine right theory to Louis XIV.

Louis’s Early WarsBecause of the economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, his most brilliant finance minister, Louis could afford to raise a powerful army.The first war was the War of the Devolution; Louis XIV asserted that his first wife should rule the Spanish Netherlands= Belgium & Luxemburg In 1667, Louis’s armies invaded __Flanders____ and Franche-Comte.He was repulsed by England, Sweden, and the United Provinces (Netherlands)

;

these countries made up the

Triple Alliance.

The

1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

ended the war and gave him control of certain towns in the Spanish Netherlands.Slide26

In the secret Treaty of Dover, England and France became allies against the Dutch. This started the next war, called the Franco-Dutch War or simply the

Dutch War

in Fr. In Eng. it was called the Anglo-Dutch War.

Louis invaded the Netherlands in 1672.

The Prince of Orange (Holland), the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg fought off Louis= Quadruple AllianceFrance gained more territory as a result of the Treaty of Nijmwegen.Slide27

Louis Repressive Religious PoliciesJansenism arose in 1630’s opposed to the Jesuits.

Jansenism won considerable support in Paris.

What is

Jansenism?

RCC movement by some Catholics in FR. That opposed the theology & political influence of the Jesuits (loyal to Pope). Said ppl can’t contribute to their own salvation. The Pope and Louis XIV declared the Jansenists illegal.For the time being Jansenists died out.Slide28

*Revocations of the Edict of Nantes

=

Huguenots don’t get religious freedom

Louis now began to persecute Protestants (Huguenots)

He revoked the Edict of Nantes in October 1685*This revocation was a major blunder.i. many highly skilled people left France.ii. France became a symbol for religious in toleration.iii. the sentencing of Huguenots who would not convert to the galleys. (slave ships)iv. exile of _Huguenot___ ministers

closing of protestant (Huguenot) schools and churches

vi. ceremonial baptism of

__

Huguenot

___

children by

Catholic priest.

Revocation of the Edict of NantesSlide29

The League of Augsburg and the Nine-Years War. 1689-1697

Louis XIV army now invaded the free city of Strasbourg

The

League of Augsburg

was formed against him.i. The countries included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the major German states.ii. The Peace of Ryswick, signed in September 1697 secured _Holland’s____ border and thwarted Louis XIV’s expansion into Germany.Louis’s Later WarsSlide30

The last Hapsburg king of Spain, Charles

II

(different king)

,

died without a direct heir.Charles II left his entire empire to Louis XIV’s grandson Phillip of Anjou, who became Phillip V of Spain=first Bourbon King of Spain.In September 1701, England, Holland, and the HRE formed the Grand Alliance.War of Spanish Succession 1701-14 (called Queen Anne’s War in __North America___)Slide31

In 1701, the War of Spanish Succession began and soon enveloped all of Western Europe.

i

. The English had advanced weaponry (paper cartridges and flintlocks rifles) and French were ill prepared

.

(And great military commander John Churchill)ii. Separate peaces were signed that ended the war.Great Britain got Gibraltar (land)____.Austria got the Spanish Netherlands.Phillip V (Bourbon) got to keep the crown of Spain.Slide32

France after Louis XIV (Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years!)

1715-He was succeeded by his five year old great grandson Louis XV.

Mississippi Bubble

:

financial disaster for FranceParlements: Local courts dominated by nobility. (nobilities power went up) 2. Local diets or assemblies (power went up during Louis XV’s reign)a. established local laws & rulesb. laws are not supposed to conflict w/ the king’s lawsSlide33

French King Louis XIV (ruled 1643-1715) Slide34

. Poland

A

. Absence of a strong central government allowed nobles to exercise

more control. Nobles elected their own king. 1. Nobles in the Polish government (diet) had to agree on everything=Each Polish noble had absolute veto power 2. * The Polish Government was not at all___effective____.II. The Habsburgs (Austria and HRE) and the Pragmatic SanctionThe Habsburgs retained a firm hold on the HRE-

(Austria is home-base)

1. Despite internal difficulties, HRE Leopold (r.1658-1705) managed

to resist the advances of Ottoman Empire into central Europe.

a

. 1683:

Battle of Vienna/Second Siege of Vienna

i

. Ottomans lay siege to Vienna

ii

. Polish King

John III

Sobieski’s

military arrives and

saves

the capital of the Habsburg Empire ( Vienna )

Part 4

Central and Eastern Europe (most still have serfs) Reading Assignment pg. 438-443 Slide35

*Pragmatic Sanction:

allow a female to rule a central European country

1

. This provided the legal basis for a single line of inheritance

within the Hapsburg family from Charles VI to his daughter Maria Theresa.= This allows her to rule by herself 2. Maria Theresa was challenged by Prussian King Frederick II when he invaded Silesia. (Dec. 1740) Slide36

The rise of _

Brandenburg

__-

Prussia occurred within the German power

vacuum created by the Peace of Westphalia.B. *Frederick William or the Great Elector-expanded Pruss. terr. His Son Frederick I became first King of Prussia when the HRE allowed him to take that title in 1701.C. *The Hohenzollerns became a powerful family.D. Frederick II (ruled 1740-1786) became known as Frederick the Great. E. *Prussian nobles are called ___Junkers______=Almost complete authority over serfs

*

Prussia

and the

Hohenzollerns

Rulers of Prussia/Germany until end of WWISlide37

Peter the Great (ruled 1682-1725)

Czar (Tsar

)

=

Russian KingRomanov FamilyOnly ten years old when he came to the throne in 1682Russia was a very backward country when compared to the rest of Europe.Peter visited Western Europe to see their progress. When he returned, his goal was to reshape Russia.Peter wanted to bring all of Russia under his control. He even controlled the Russian Orthodox Church. The serfs continued to be in bondage in Russia while it had almost completely disappeared in W. Europe.Peter improved education and infrastructure= business*Peter weakened the power of the Russian nobles known as the __Boyers____.

Beards were a sign of backwardness in Russia. Peter made all men shave their beards and pay a tax if they refused to shave their beard.

*St. Petersburg was modeled after a western European city. Built with

__

serf

___

labor. Became the new capital of Russia.

*1722-

Table of Ranks

:

equated a person’s social position with their rank in the gov’t or military

11. *The

_

Romanv

______

dynasty ruled Russia from 1613-

_

1914

____.

Part 5 Russia Enters the European Political Arena Reading Assignment pg. 443-447Slide38

Her husband Peter III was assassinated. Peter III was . . .She treated serfs harshly when they rebelled.

After defeating the Ottoman Empire, Russia acquired a warm water port.

Catherine, Frederick of Prussia, and Emperor Joseph II of Austria partitioned or divided up Poland.

Catherine The Great (ruled 1762-1796)Slide39

Peter the Great

Catherine

the Great Slide40
Slide41

*English Kings or Leaders (Protectors) from James I to James II*

1

. King James I (r. 1603-25)

2

. King Charles I (Chopped Charlie) (r. 1625-48)

---Rump Parliament rules collectively from December 1648-53.

Cromwell

begins to control the Rump Parliament at its’ end.---Slide42

Lord Protector: Oliver Cromwell (r.1653-58)

2

nd

Lord Protector: Richard Cromwell

(

r. Sept. 1658-May 1659) 9 monthsSlide43

King Charles II (r. 1659- 1685)

King James II (r.1685-1688)Slide44

1688 Glorious Revolution=William III

and

Mary II

(r.1688-1702) become dual rulers of England.----

---- Queen Anne (r.1702-1715), sister of Mary II dies, having outlived all of her children=end of the Stuart Dynasty.