APEURO Lecture 1F Mrs Kray Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince 1513 Manual for a realistic ruler Considered first work of political science Some say The Prince was Ferdinand of Aragon ID: 345656
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Slide1
The Rise of the New Monarchs
APEURO Lecture 1F
Mrs.
KraySlide2
Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, 1513
Manual for a realistic ruler
Considered first work of political science
Some say “The Prince” was Ferdinand of AragonGood government provided justice, law, and orderThe ends justify the meansPatriotic appeal for a free & united Italy
“It is much more safe to be feared than to be loved, when you have to choose between the two.”Slide3
Characteristics of the “New monarchs”
Taming the aristocracy
(nobles of the sword)
Offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee to law and orderDevelop a consistent stream of revenue through taxationBreak down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched.The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties
What pleases the prince has the force of law!
Make armies and war the sole preserve of the state
No more private armies
Develop bureaucracies
to enforce royal authority
Staffed with members of the middle class
(nobles of the robe) – did not happen in Eastern Europe
Maintain religious control
over clergy and the functions of religion within their national boundariesSlide4
The New Monarchs in EnglandSlide5
ChallengesHundred Years’ WarSevere financial burden
Nobles had built up private
armies
War of the RosesCivil war between two factions of noblesDevastated EnglandMany people were killed; food wasn’t grown; the wealthy spent money on weapons & soldiersHouse of Lancaster (Red Rose)House of York (White Rose)Richard IIISlide6
Henry VII (1485-1509)First Tudor
King
Tamed the nobles
reduced the number of dukes from 9 to 2Ended livery and maintenance – no private armyEstablished Star ChamberNew system of courts to deal with property disputes and infractions of public peace
Operated without a juryBuilt England’s first navySlide7Slide8
The New Monarchs in FranceSlide9
ChallengesThe Hundred Years’ War had left France devastatedExperienced 100 years of warfare on its soil
Burgundy
aimed to replace French leadership on the continent
Feared encirclement by HabsburgsSlide10
The Valois KingsLouis XI “The Spider” (1461-1483)Built up royal army, suppressed brigands, and subdued rebellious nobles
Added new territory to the royal domain through strategic marriages & by conquering part of Burgundy
Francis I (1515-1547)
Concordat of Bologna gave king control of French clergy through an agreement with the popeEstablished taxation with taille (direct tax) and gabelle (salt tax)
Claimed lands in ItalySlide11Slide12
The New Monarchs inSpainSlide13
ChallengesThere was no Spain
Complete the
Reconquista
of the Moors who occupied the southern part of the Iberian PeninsulaEstablish a national identity in a diverse kingdomSlide14
Ferdinand (1479-1516) & Isabella (1479-1504)Their marriage united the 2 largest provinces in Spain (
Aragon & Castile
)
Made alliances with towns (hermandades) to establish law and orderCompleted the reconquistaEstablished strict religious orthodoxySpanishness linked to sense of CatholicitySpanish Inquisition
Jews expelled 1492Sponsored voyages of explorationSpain emerged as the strongest nation in Europe
Charles V
inherited the Spanish throne, became the most powerful monarch in EuropeSlide15
The New Monarchs in the Holy Roman EMPIRESlide16
Structure of the HRE3 kinds of states
Princely states
each one had a little hereditary dynastic monarchy
Saxony, Brandenburg, Bavaria, Bohemia, Palatine, etc.Ecclesiastical statesrun by a bishop or abbotLarge portion of the Empire consisted of these church statesImperial free citiesApproximately 50Not large but dominated commercial and financial lifeEmperorship was an elective office7 electors: 4 princely lords, 3 ecclesiastical lords (Palatine, Saxony, Brandenburg, Bohemia, Mainz, Trier, Cologne)
1452 electors chose Archduke of Austria as emperor, he was a Habsburg1452-1806 – Habsburgs consistently get selves re-electedSlide17Slide18
Charles V (1515-1556)1519 – Elected Holy Roman Emperor and became symbolic head of Germany
Most powerful ruler of his day
Contemporaries feared that Europe was threatened with “universal monarchy”
A kind of imperial system in which no people could preserve independence from HabsburgsThis is France’s great fearSlide19
The Empire of Charles VSlide20
“Other Nation’s Make War, You Austria, Marry”Slide21
ChallengesBecause emperorship was an elected office German states over the centuries had prevented the emperor from infringing upon their local liberties
Extracted concessions before election
Made centralizing
gov’t power almost impossibleFears of a universal Habsburg monarchy encouraged countries like France to interfere in German affairs to keep the area politically dividedCharles V battled numerous enemies during the course of his reignOttoman Turks’ siege of Vienna, Habsburg-Valois Wars, Algerian pirates, German Lutherans