Transition WWIWWII 1 Many nations NOT happy with the end of WWI Germany Japan Italy Axis Powers in WWII RussiaUS opponent in Cold War 2 England and France Disagree with Wilsons 14 Points ID: 546156
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Slide1
The Road to World War IISlide2
Transition: WWI-WWII
1) Many nations NOT happy with the end of WWI
Germany, Japan,
Italy
Axis
Powers in WWII
RussiaUS
opponent in Cold War
2) England and France
Disagree with Wilson’s 14 Points
Want to punish Germany
War Guilt Clause—blame Germany
Reparations payments $33 billion
Deprives Germany of colonies
Takes away Germany lands
Czechoslovakia
Alsace-LorraineSlide3
Transitions, cont’d…
3) Rise of Dictatorships in European nations
Seek revenge—Nationalism
Blame scapegoats
Minorities
Communists (USSR blames Fascists)
Democracies (US, England, France)
Act aggressively-build up military forces
Mussolini
Hitler
Franco
Tojo
StalinSlide4
Fall of Democracy in EuropeSlide5
Germany
Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany and established a totalitarian government where his power was limitlessSlide6
Italy
Benito Mussolini established himself as dictator of fascist Italy
The Italian government valued nationalism, corporatism, militarism and anti-communism
Strict censorship and propagandaSlide7
Japan
Hideki
Tojo
was the Prime Minister of Japan and strong supporter of Italy and GermanySlide8
Spain
Generalissimo Francisco Franco was dictator of Spain
While Spain would maintain neutrality during WWII, Franco aided German troops fighting in the USSRSlide9
Transitions, Cont’d…
4) US return to Isolationism after WWI
Role of Henry Cabot Lodge
Argues against Wilson’s 14 idealism
Doesn’t want to commit US to action
Return to George Washington’s ideas
No permanent alliances
US does NOT sign Treaty of VersaillesUS does NOT join League of NationsUS does NOT join the World Court
US passes “Neutrality Acts” 1930s
Good Neighbor policy towards Latin Am.
Washington Naval Conference (4,5,9 Power Treaties)Slide10
Transitions, cont’d…
5) Global Depression (1930s)
Economic hardships
People dissatisfied—looking for answers
Helps Nazis (Fascists) come into power
again
looking
for scapegoats to blame
Weimar Republic in GermanyDemocracy has no chanceSlide11
Transitions, cont’d…
6) WWI was so bad, let’s NEVER fight again
Kellogg-Briand Treaty of 1928 (outlaw, prevent war)
League of Nations will work (yeah, right)
Finally-Appeasement
Maybe if we give into the demands of the dictators, they will be satisfied and not cause any trouble (yeah, right)
German actions against Austria 1936
Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935
Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931Munich-1938 (Czechoslovakia)
Spanish Civil War 1936
German invasion of Poland 1939
England and France FINALLY realize appeasement doesn’t workSlide12
Transitions, cont’d…
Eventually, US will start to get involved, like WWI
BUT will be too little too late to prevent war
Cash and Carry Laws late 1930s
Lend Lease Program 1941
US embargo on Japan late 1940
Atlantic Charter 1941 with England
Selective Service Act 1940
Destroyer deal with EnglandALL BEFORE THE US OFFICIALLY ENTERS THE WAR!!Slide13
United States remained isolationist until…
December 7, 1941
Japanese attack on Pearl HarborSlide14
War Declared
On Dec. 8, 1941, FDR went before Congress and asked for a declaration of war against Japan. He started his speech by saying,
“
Yesterday, December 7, 1941-a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.
”
Slide15
THINK
How did the United States
mobilize
for World War I?Slide16
US mobilization: Transition from peacetime to wartime economy
Similar to WWI, but more “prep” time in WWII
1)Production and workers
2) Great economic boom (ends Depression)
3) Cooperation: Gov’t/Industry/Workers
4)Expansion of Gov’t power (no Laissez-Faire)
A. 1940 Selective Service Act
B. 1942 War Production Board
C. 1943 Office of War MobilizationD. 1943 Office of Price Administration
E. Increase number of tax payers
Selling war bondsSlide17
US Home Front
Most Americans support war—why?
Compare/contrast to World War I
Propaganda to keep up morale/Office of War Information
Life in America during the war:
Total War: Many involved at home and overseas
Total Causes=Total fighting
Major sacrifices: Major disruptions
Rationing, Black outsA more serious tone—the war was for some very serious things
“God Bless America”
Yet, in some ways, life did not change too muchSlide18
Major changes for women
More women in work force (+6 million)
Same old discrimination issuesSlide19
Rosie the RiveterSlide20
Other minorities on the
homefront
African Americans
Massive migration
Role of A. Philip Randolph and the Fair Employment Practices Commission
BUT racial tensionsSlide21
Other minorities on the
homefront, cont’d…
Mexican Americans
Many contributions to war effort at home and overseas
YET race riots on Los AngelesSlide22
Other minorities on the
homefront, cont’d…
Japanese-Americans
Again-many contributions
YET Hawaii under martial law and the internment of many Japanese-American “citizens” who lived on the West Coast
Forced relocation and imprisonment of both
Issei
(born in Japan but later became US citizens) and Nisei (born in US)
Supreme Court upholds interments Korematsu v. US
1944
Official US apology in 1988Slide23
Key Military turning points
1939-1942: Axis = Offensive/Allies = Defensive
1942: Allies = Offensive/Axis = Defensive
Coral Sea (May 1942) and Midway (June 1942)
Stop Japanese advance in Pacific
British victories in North Africa (1942)
Stop German advance in North African and Mediterranean area
Stalingrad (Summer 1942-Winter 1943)
Russians defend Stalingrad and begin counter-attack against Germans = push Germans back into GermanySlide24
Key military turning points
The Battle of the Atlantic
Allies control Atlantic Ocean
Able to supply England with goods from America (Lend-Lease)Slide25
Key issues
1942-overall tide of war shifts
When to open the “Second Front”
Who gets to go into Berlin first?
Important for US/Soviet Relations
Holocaust issues
Battle of the Bulge: Germany’s last chance (Winter 1944)Slide26
Post-War Plans
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill
1) Russia into war against Japan
2)Divide and occupy Germany
3) New international organization
May 1945 Germany surrendersSlide27
Guess the term
Kellogg-Briand Treaty
Appeasement
Franklin D. Roosevelt
December 7
th
1941
DictatorSlide28
Guess the term
Rosie the Riveter
Fascism
Rationing
Joseph Stalin
Selective Service ActSlide29
Allied victory in
asia
After Midway and Coral Sea
US on offensive after Battle of
Guadacanal
”Island Hopping”
Recapture of the Philippines and the Battle of
Leyete
Gulf (MacArthur)Capture island = build air fields = launch air attacks directly against Japanese mainlandIwo Jima (February 1945) 750 miles from Tokyo
Okinawa (April 1945) 350 miles from TokyoSlide30
World War II and the A-Bomb
The Manhattan Project
Wanted to counteract
Germany
’
s
actions
Wanted to create a viable atom bomb
Encouraged by EinsteinSlide31
The Potsdam Conference
Held in Germany
President Truman made the decision to drop the bomb on Japan (FDR died in April)
On July 26, 1945, the United States demanded that Japan surrender (Germany had surrendered on May 7, 1945)Slide32
Potsdam Conference cont
’d
Prime Minister Suzuki refuses Japanese surrender
The Soviet Union and Great Britain approve plans to proceed with the bombingSlide33
Little Boy
First A-bomb to be used
offensively
Dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
The flat terrain of the area allowed for more damage
Over 70,000 people died from the blast aloneSlide34
HiroshimaSlide35
Enola Gay
Name for the plane which dropped the bomb on HiroshimaSlide36
Fat Man
Dropped on Nagasaki 3 days later
Hilly terrain prevented
“
less
”
damage
45,000 immediate deathsSlide37
Nagasaki