MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE - PDF document

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE Uzhhorod National University Medical Faculty Department of Human Anatomy and Histology Kochmar M.Yu. , Harapko T.V., Petrychko O.I., Kochmar V.M. , Markovych M. P., Meshko H.M. CONNECTION OF THE BONES OF THE SKULL. ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK Educational and methodological textbook for students of Medical and Dental Faculties Uzhhorod – 2021 2 УДК 611.71 /. 72 ( 075.8) З - 58 Connection of the bones of the skull. Articulations of the trunk Textbook. - Uzhhorod, Uzhhorod National University, 2021. - 15 p., 4 illustrations Authors: Kochmar M.Yu . – PhD, Head of Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Harapko T.V . – PhD , Docent of Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Petrychko O.I. - PhD , Docent of Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Kochmar V.M. - Assistant of Department of Human Anatomy and H

istology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Markovych M.P. - Assistant of Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Meshko H.M. - Assistant of Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod National University. Recommended for publication by the Acade mic Council of the Medical Faculty 20.05.2021 (Protocol №7) Reviewers: Filip S.S . - MD, Professor Chobey S.M. – MD, Professor 3 During the study of the human anatomy, the student has an opportunity to use different visual aids, namely anatomical preparations, layouts, pictures in atlases and textbooks. We create this tutorial using tables and pictures. This technique will facilitate the study of new material and better memorization . The purpose of the development is a detailed descriptio n of the functional anatomy of the joints of the skull and trunk . Deepening knowledge in the study of their components. The tutorial provide different types of joints between the bones of the skull and trunk . According to the structure, methodical

rec ommendations for students' independent work are compiled in accordance with the topics of the work program from the section "Arthrology" and include a more detailed analysis and relevant drawings for each topic. 4 1 Connection of the bones of the skull 1.1 Bones of the skull connected by syndesmosis. Syndesmosis include all those articulations in which the surfaces of the bones are in almost direct contact, fastened together by intervening connective tissue or hyaline cartilage, and in which there is n o appreciable motion, as in the joints between the bones of the skull, excepting those of the mandible. Name Arti . surf ace Articular disks, ligaments Type of joint Function Articula - tion of the Mandi - ble (Arti - с ul tio tomporo - mandibu - laris) - the mandibu - lar fossa of the temporal bone and the articular tubercle above with the condyle of the mandible below - contains the articular disc (discus articularis) inside - fibrous capsula (capsula articularis) which connect to the margin of the mandibular fossa , articular tubercle and petrotympanic fissurae ; on mandib

ular it is attached to the edge of the ar ticular surface of the head and neck - lateral ligament (lg. laterale) from zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the neck of mandibular - stylomandibular ligament (lg. stylomandibulare) from styloid process to the posterior edge of mandibular - sphenom andibular ligament ( lg.sphenomandibularis) from spine of sphenoid to the lingula of mandibula - ellipsoid - complex - с ombi - ned - Frontal axis – elevation and depression in the lower level - protrusion of the mandibule occurs in upper level - lateral movement 5 Pic 1. Temporo - mandibular joint Sutura is that form of articulation where the contiguous margins of the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue; it is met with only in the skull. The surface of the scalp is traversed by three sutures, viz.: 1) the coronal sutures, nearly transverse is direction, between the frontal and parietals; 2) the sagittal sutures, medially placed, between the parietal bones, and deeply serrated in its anterior two - thirds; 3) the upper part of the lambdoidal suture, betw

een the parietals and the occipital. 1.2 Synchondrosis of the skull. Where the connecting medium is cartilage the joint is termed a synchondrosis. This is a temporary form of joint, for the cartilage is converted into bone before adult life . Name of synchondrosis Connection between bones Sphenoocipital synchondrosis (synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis) Posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone with the basilar part of the occipital bone Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis (synchondrosis sphenopetrosa) Body of th e sphenoid bone with the apex of the petrosal part of the temporal bone Petroocipital synchondrosis (synchondrosis petroocipitalis) Posterior border of the petrosal part of the temporal bone with borders of basilar and lateral parts of the occipital bone 6 Intraoccipital synchondrosis (synchondrosis intraoocipitalis) Between diferent parts of the occipital bone Sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis (synchondrosis sphenoethmoidalis) Between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones connection 2 Articulation between the vertebral column and the head Name Articular surfase Articular ligaments Type of joint

Function Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone (articulatio atlantooccipit - alis) - l eft and right occipital condyles with superior articular surfaces of the atlant - t he a rticular c apsules (capsulae articulares) surround the condyles of the occipital bone, and connect them with the articular processes of the atlas - t he a nterior a tlantooccipital m embrane (membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior) pass between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and the upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas below - t he p osterior a tlantooccipital m embrane (membrana atlantooccipitali s posterior) connected above, to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum; below, to the upper border of the posterior arch of the - bicondy - lar - ellipsoid - paired - combi - ned - bi - axial - Frontal axis – flexion and extension nodding of the head - Sagittal axis - slight lateral motion to one or other side 7 atlas. Articulation of the Atlas with the Axis ( articulation atlantoaxialis) consist of - medial atlantoaxial joint (articulatio atl

antoaxiale mediana) - lateral atlantoaxial joint ( articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis) - b etween articular surface of the dens and anterior arch of the atlas in front – transverse ligament and posterior surface of the dens - inferior articular surface of atlant and superior articular surface of axis - the a pical ligament of dens (ligamentum apices dentis) from apex of the dens to occipital bone - the allar ligaments (lgg. alaria) - from dens upward and laterally to occipital bone - the cruciate ligament of the atlas (lg. cruciformis atla ntis) consis of 1) the transverse ligament (lg transversum atlantis) - runs behind the dens to the lateral masses 2) longitudinal bands (fasciculi longitudenales) extends from transverse ligament upward and downward - tectorial membrane (membrana tectoria) which is represented the extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament of spine - the cruciate ligament of the atlas - tectorial membrane c ylindrical - uniaxial - plane

- combined - multiaxial - Vertical axis – rotation of the atlant around the dens - slight gliding 8 Pic 2 . Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial artoculations 3 Articulations of the vertebral c olumn The articulations of the vertebral column consist of a series of hemiarthrodial (intermedial ) joints between the v ertebral bodies, a series of synovial joints between the articular processes and syndesmosis between the vertebral arches . Name of joint Articu - lar surface Atricular ligaments, disks Type of joint Function Articula tion of Verteb - ral Bodies - bet - ween the bodies of the verteb - ræ - the anterior longitudinal ligament ( ligamentum longitudinale anterius) extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the axis to the sacrum - the posterior longitudinal ligament ( ligamentum longitudinale posterius) is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior - synchon - drosis - syndes - mosis - some - times it can belong to symphysis - Frontal axis - flexion and extension - Sa

gittal axis - lateral moveme nt - Vertical axis – 9 surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the membrana tector ia, to the sacrum - the intervertebral disk (discus intervertebralis ) are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the axis to the sacrum, and form the chief bonds of connection between the vertebræ . Each is composed, at its circumference, of laminæ of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage, forming the annulus fibrosus ( annulus fibrosus); and, at its center, of a soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance, of a yellowish color - pulpy substance ( nucleus pulpo sus ) rotation - circum - duction Articula tion of Verteb - ral Arches - lami - næ, spinous and trans - verse proce - sses are cone - cted by the follo - wing liga - ments: - the ligamenta flava ( ligamenta flava) connects the laminæ of adjacent vertebræ, from the axis to the first segment of the sacrum - the supraspinal ligament ( ligamentum supraspinale) connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh

cervical vertebra to the sacrum - the ligamentum nuchæ in the neck represents the supraspinal ligaments of the lower vertebræ and - syndes - mosis - immo - vable 10 extends from the external occipital protuberance and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra - the interspinal ligaments ( ligamenta interspinalia) connect adjoining spinous processes and extend from the root to the apex of each process - the intertransverse ligaments ( ligamenta intertransversaria ) are interposed between the transverse processes Cone - ction between the verteb - ral articu - lar proceses - zygapo - physial joint (art. zygapo - physialis ) - the sup - erior articu - lar surface of lower verteb - rae and the inferior articu - lar process of the upper verteb - rae - the articular capsula is surrounded articular processes - plane - slightly movable Lumbo - sacral joint (art. lumbo - sacralis ) - the inferior articu - lar process of the L5 and S1 - the iliolumbar ligament ( ligamentum iliolumbare ) arises from the apex of the transverse process of

the L5 to the inner lip of the iliac crest - the lateral lumbosacral ligament ( ligamentum - symphysis - slightly movable – flexion, extension and lateral flexion 11 verteb - rae - the bodies of the L5 and S1 lumbosacrale laterale ) connects the transverse process of the L5 and the ala of the sacrum Sacro - coccyge al joint (art. sacro - coccy - gea) - the fifth sacral verteb - rae and the coccyx - the intervertebral disk - the anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments (lgg sacrococcygeum anterius et posterius) - symphysis - passive flexion and extension Pic 3. Articulations of the vertebral column 4 Articulation between the vertebral column and bones of the thoracic cage Costovertebral Articulations (Articulationes Costovertebrales) The articulations of the ribs with the vertebral column may be divided into two sets, one connecting the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the vertebræ, another uniting the necks and tubercles of the ribs with the transverse processes. 12 Name Art. surf Articular ligaments, disks Type Function Articu - lations of the

Heads of the Ribs ( articu - lationes capitis costae) - the heads of the typical ribs with the facets on the conti - guo us margins of the bodies of thoracic vertebræ and with inter - vertebral fibro - cartilages between them; - the 1 st, 10 th, 11 th, and 12th ribs each articulate with a single vertebra - the articular capsule ( capsula articularis) surrounds the joint - the radiate ligament ( ligamentum capituli costæ radiatum) connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebræ, and the intervertebral fibrocartilage between them - the interarticular ligament ( ligamentum capituli costæ interarticulare ) is situated in the interior of the joint and attached by one extremity to the crest separating the two articular facets on the head of the rib, and by the other to the intervertebral fibrocartilage. In the joints of the first, tenth , eleventh, and twelfth ribs, the interarticular ligament does not exist spherical - combine - uni - axial - the heads of the ribs are so closely cone - cted to bodies of the vertebræ by the

radiate and inter - articular ligament that only slight gliding move - ments of the articular surfaces on one another can take place Costo - transve - rse Articu - lations ( articu - lationes costo - transve - rsariæ ) - the articular portion of the tubercle of the rib forms with the articular surface - the articular capsule ( capsula articularis) is a thin membrane attached to the circumferences of the articular surfaces - the costotransverse ligament ( ligamentum costotransversarium) is attached to the posterior surface of the neck of the rib - plane - combine - slight gliding - upward and down - ward move - ments of the tubercles 13 on the adjacent trans - verse process. In the eleventh and twelfth ribs this articula - tion is wanting and connected with anterior part of the adjacent transverse process - the superior costotransverse ligament ( ligamentum costotransversarium superius) is attached to the neck of the rib and passes upward and medially to the transverse process above - the lateral costotransverse ligament ( ligamentum costotransversarium laterale) is a

ttached to tubercle of the rib and continue to the end of the transverse process are associa - ted with rotation of the rib neck on its long axis Sterno - costal Articu - lations (Articu - lationes Sterno - cotales ) - the articul - ations of the cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum - the excep - tion of the 1 st, in which cartilage is directly united with the sternum - the first rib synchon - drosis (synchon - the articular capsules ( capsulæ articulares) surround the joints between the cartilages of the true ribs and the sternum - the radiate sternocostal ligaments ( ligamenta sternocostalia radiata) bands that radiate from the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs to the ant erior and posterior surfaces of the sternum - the radiate sternocostal ligaments on the anterior surface of the sternum is fused with the periosteum of sternum and is formed a thick fibrous membrane ( membrana sterni ) - the interarticular sternocostal ligament ( ligamentum sternocostale interarticulare) is found spherical - uni - axial - slight gliding 14 dro

sis costae primae) constantly only between the second costal cartilages and the sternum. Inter - chond - ral Articu - lations ( articu - lationes inter - chond - rales ) - the conti - guous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets - the articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers ( interchondral ligaments ) which pass from one cartilage to the other Articulation of parts of the Sternum . The manubrium is united to the body of the sternum either by a piece of fibrocartilage connecting the segments, forming manubriosternal synchondrosis (synchondrosis manubriosternalis ). The xiphoid process is connected with the body of the sternum by the xiphosternal symphysis (symphysis xiphosternalis) . The anterior part of all ribs is connected with each other by the external intercostal membrane (mambrana intercostalis e xterna) . Between posterior part of ribs is placed the internal intercostal membrane (mambrana intercostalis interna) . 15 Pic 4. Articulation between the ve

rtebral column and ribs 16 Література 1. Головацький А.С. ,Черкасов В.Г. ,Сапін М.Р. , Парахін А.І., Ковальчук О .І. Анатомія людини: підручник . В трьох томах. Том перший. Видання сьоме , восьме доопрацьоване. – Вінниця : Нова книга. – 2017,2019. 2. Неттер Ф. Атлас анатомії людини/Під редакцією Ю.Б. Чайковського/ Науковий переклад з англ. А.А. Цегельського. – Львів : Наутілус, 2004. 3. Синельников Р.Д., Синельников Я.Р., Синельников А.Я. Атлас анатомии человека. В трьох томах . Том 1. – Моск ва : Новая волна , 2012. 4 . Henry Gray. Anatomy of the Human Body .30th edition - Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985 . 5 Bobruk I.I. Koveshnikov V.G. , Luzim V. I . , Romensky O. Yu. Human anatomy. In three volumes. Vol . 1 – Lugansk : ,,Шико,,