Requirements of Organisms Life depends on the availability of the following a Water required for metabolic reactions for transport of substances for temperature regulation b ID: 1048529
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1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
2. Requirements of Organisms:Life depends on the availability of the following: a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of substances, for temperature regulation) b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter) c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients) d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur)
3. Homeostasis:Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common. Examples include: a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat. b. Another homeostatic mechanism employs pressure-sensitive receptors to regulate blood pressure.
4. Skeletal/Muscular SystemsFunction: Enable movement, provide support and protection for tissues & organs
5. Skeletal/Muscular SystemsMajor Organs Involved: Bones! and Muscles!!Bones are attached to other bones by ligamentsMuscles are attached to bones by tendons
6. Skeletal/Muscular SystemsMore stuff:Actin & myosin are 2 protein fibers in muscle cells that allow them to contract and relaxhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kFmbrRJq4w
7. Skeletal/Muscular SystemsMore stuff:There are three types of muscle tissue:Skeletal muscle tissue – found in muscles that attach to bones (bicep, tricep)Smooth muscle tissue – found in muscles of organs (stomach, intestines)Cardiac muscle tissue – specific type of muscle tissue of the heart
8. Integumentary SystemFunctions:Retain fluidsProtection – 1st line of defenseTemperature control – sweat glandsEliminate wastes – sweat and oil glands
9. Integumentary SystemMajor Organs:SkinSweat and oil glandsHairNails
10. Integumentary SystemMore Stuff:Layers of the skin:Epidermis – outer most layerDermis – thick middle layerHypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer – inner most layer
11. Nervous SystemFunctions: relay chemical-electrical impulses to all the muscles of the body
12. Nervous SystemTwo Main Parts:Central Nervous System – brain & spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System – nerves of the body
13. Nervous SystemNerve Cells: called neurons, the transmitting cells of the body
14. Endocrine SystemFunctions:Regulates water & electrolyte balanceMaintains metabolismControls response to stimuliRegulates growth, development, & reproductionProduces hormones
15. Endocrine SystemMajor Organs: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, and parathyroid glands, pancreas, males & female reproductive organs
16. Endocrine SystemMore Stuff:The chemical messengers secreted by one part of the body, travel in the blood, and target another part of the body are called hormones.Two types: steroid and non-steroid
17. Digestive SystemFunction: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food so nutrients can be absorbed by the body’s cells.
18. Digestive SystemMajor Organs:
19. Digestive SystemMore Stuff: Food is mostly absorbed in the small intestinesWater is mostly absorbed in the large intestines
20. Excretory/Urinary SystemFunction: filters the blood and removes wastes (salt, acids, etc.)
21. Excretory/Urinary SystemEach Kidney is made of functional units called nephrons.
22. Respiratory SystemFunction: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
23. Respiratory SystemWhen oxygen is inhaled it goes down the wind pipe, also called the trachea.The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchial tubes, which lead into the lungs.The bronchial tubes end in air sacs (within the lungs) called alveoli.Every cell in our body needs oxygen to go into the mitochondria to perform cellular respiration.
24. Respiratory System
25. Circulatory SystemFunction: carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and wastes through the body and distributes heat to maintain homeostasis.
26. Circulatory SystemMajor Organs:Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heartVeins carry blood with carbon dioxide back to the heartCapillaries are the smallest blood vessels & is where gas, nutrient, and heat exchange occurs
27. Circulatory SystemTypes of Cells in Blood:Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) – carry oxygen and carbon dioxideWhite Blood Cells (WBC’s) – fight infections, respond to allergiesPlatelets – cell fragments that stick together to form clots
28. Immune/Lymphatic SystemFunction: helps fight infections throughout the body
29. Immune/Lymphatic SystemA vector is something that carries a pathogenic disease.InsectsBody fluidsVirusesPlasmids (ring of bacterial DNA)
30. Human Eye
31. Human Eye - AnatomyA. The Outer Layer – fibrous outer layer 1. Cornea – transparent “window” at the front of the eye; focuses entering light onto the retina (retina is a part of the inner layer). 2. Sclera – “whites” of the eye; protects eye and is attachment for extrinsic muscles 3. Optic nerve and blood vessels pierce the sclera at the back of the eye; carries sensory impulses to the brain
32. B. Middle Tunic – vascular layer 1. Choroid Coat – joined to sclera, contains many blood vessels that nourishes other tissues of the eye; produces pigments that absorb excess light to keep the inside of the eye dark. 2. Ciliary Body – forms a ring around the front of the eye and is made of small muscles and suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in position and change its shape (focus).
33. 3. Lens – focuses light onto retina 4. Iris - thin, smooth muscle anterior to the ciliary body that adjusts the amount of light entering the pupil, a hole in the iris’s center 5. Aqueous Humor – watery fluid that fills space between cornea and lens; nourishes these parts and maintains shape of the eye
34. C. Inner Tunic – nervous inner layer 1. Retina – contains visual receptor cells a) Rods – very sensitive to light, so can provide vision in dim light; Produce colorless vision; give less precise images (outlines of objects)b) Cones – provide sharper images of color3 types of cones: 1 is sensitive to red light, 1 is sensitive to green, & the other is sensitive to blue
35. 2. Fovea Centralis – depression in the center of the retina where there are only cones; region where retina produces sharpest vision 3. Optic Disc – area where nerve fibers of the retina converge and join the optic nerve; this area lacks rods/cones, and is known as your “blind spot” 4. Posterior Cavity – contains lens, ciliary body, and retina; filled with vitreous humor 5. Vitreous Body – collagenous fibers support internal parts of the eye
36. Human Eye