IND AS By CA H.Anand Basic introduction - PowerPoint Presentation

1. IND ASBy CA H.Anand

2. Basic introductionRoadmap of Ind ASName of Ind AS , IFRS/IAS and ASImportant provisions of Ind ASObjective type questions on Ind AS

3. (1) Basic Introduction of Ind ASInd-AS are IFRS converged standards issued by Central Government of India through Ministry of Corporate Affairs( MCA) under the supervisions and control of Accounting standard board (ASB) of ICAI and in consultation with National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards ( NACAS) now National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)Ind-AS are named and numbered in the same way as the corresponding IFRS/IAS for ease of reference.

4. Some important points regarding Ind-ASLaw overrides Ind-ASInd AS applicable on material items onlyInd-AS applicable both on SFS and CFSPartial adoption of Ind-AS is not allowedOne Ind-AS applied/adopted, after that back out /withdraw not allowedInd-AS shall be applicable on Group( Holding, subsidiary, Associates and Joint Ventures)

5. Carve-in /Carve-out in Ind-AS Government of India in consultation with ICAI decided to converge and not to adopt IFRS/IAS issued by IASB/IASC.The decision of convergence rather than adoption was taken after detail analysis of IFRS/IAS requirements and extensive discussion with various stakeholdersAccordingly , while formulating IFRS-converged Ind-AS, efforts have been made to keep these standards , as far as possible, in line with the corresponding IFRS/IAS and departures have been made where considered absolutely essential . Such changes may divided into the following three categories:Terminology related changesCarve -OutsCarve –Ins

6. Terminology changesVarious terminology changes have been made to make it consistent with the terminology used in Indian law eg Statement of profit and loss in place of Statement of Comprehensive income and balance sheet in place of Statement of financial position.(ii) Carve outsCertain changes have been made considering the economic environment of India, which is different as compare to the economic environment of developed countries which has been considered while making IFRS/IAS. The differences which are in deviation to the accounting principles and practices stated in IFRS, are commonly known as Carve-Outs. It may be noted that removal of options in accounting principles & practices in Ind AS vis-à-vis IFRS, in order to maintain the consistency & comparability of the financial statements , shall not be treated as Carve-Outs(iii) Carve-InsIf there is no guidelines under IFRS for any particular transaction or event, then the guidelines provided under Ind-AS is known as Carve-Ins.

7. (2) : Roadmap for Ind-AS

8. Jul-14Speech of Finance Minister of India late shree Arun Jaitely regarding commitment of Govt. for IFRS converged Ind-AS16-12-2005MCA issued roadmap for Ind-AS on companies ( other than banking, insurance & NBFCs) through Ind-AS Rules 2015 ( amended in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 & 2020)18-01-2016MCA issued a press released regarding applicability of Ind-AS on Banking companies, Insurance companies & NBFC11-02-2016RBI issued a notification for applicability of Ind-AS on all schedule commercial banks( excluding regional rural bank). Till date Ind-AS not applicable on bank01-03-2016IRDA issued a notification for applicability of Ind-AS on insurance companies( till date Ind-AS not applicable on insurance sector )30-03-2016MCA issued Ind AS amendment rules 2016 and made a roadmap for NBFCs24-07-2020MCA made amendment in Companies Ind-AS rules 2015 keeping in view the current business environment casued by COVID-19. COVID-19 has not only affected the health of people across the global it has also caused severe disturbances in the global economic environment which has consequential impact on financial statement and reporting

9. Roadmap for Ind-AS for companies ( other than Banking/Insurance/NBFCs)Voluntary PhaseFrom 1/4/2015Mandatory Phase IFrom 1/4/2016Mandatory Phase IIFrom 1/4/2017 and onwards

10. Voluntary Phase-1/4/2015 ( FY 2015-16)Whether company ( other than banking, insurance and NBFCs) voluntary adopted Ind-AS?If answer is yes apply Ind-AS( copy of IFRS/IAS subject to some modifications) as per Companies Ind-AS Rules 2015 on entire group ie Holding, subsidiary, Associates and Joint Ventures with comparatives of previous year. It may be noted that transitional date will be the first day of previous year.Note: Transitional date is the date when we moves from AS to Ind-ASIF answer is NO, apply AS as per companies AS Rules 2006. AS rules 2006 are copy of ICAI AS subject to some minor changes

11. Mandatory Phase I ( 1/4/2016) FY 2016-17Whether Net worth of company ( whether listed or unlisted) on 31/3/2014 or at the end of latter year is Rs. 500 crore or moreIf answer is yes apply Ind-AS as per Companies Ind-AS Rules 2015 on entire group ie Holding, subsidiary, Associates and Joint Ventures with comparatives of previous year. It may be noted that transitional date will be the first day of previous year.IF answer is NO, apply AS as per companies AS Rules 2006 unless company voluntary adopted Ind AS as per Ind AS Rule 2015

12. Mandatory Phase II ( 1/4/2017) FY 2017-18For Companies ( other than those already covered under Voluntary Phase 1( 1/4/2015) or Mandatory phase I ( 1/4/2016) Whether company is listed or in the process of listing on stock exchange in India or outside india ( other than SME exchanges)Note: SME exchange is a stock exchange dedicated for trading of shares /securities of SMEs who otherwise find it difficult to get listed on main stock exchange. It may be noted that companies listed in SME exchanges can adopt Ind AS voluntary.If answer is yes apply Ind-AS as per Companies Ind-AS Rules 2015 on entire group ie Holding, subsidiary, Associates and Joint Ventures with comparatives of previous year. It may be noted that transitional date will be the first day of previous year.IF answer is NO, then check whether net worth of such unlisted company is Rs. 250 crore or more ?If answer in Yes apply Ind AS( 2015 rules) and if answer is NO then apply AS ( 2006 Rule) unless company voluntary adopt Ind AS( 2015 rules)

13. Net Worth as per section 2(57) of companies Act 2013Paid up capital ( equity and preference)Add: Reserves made out of profitsAdd: Security premiumAdd: Profit and loss ( Cr. Balance)Less: Profit and loss ( Dr. Balance)Less: Fictitious assets( Share issue exp, underwriting comm. Preliminary exp, deferred revenue exp. Etc)

14. Important note for net worth(1) Following reserves shall not be taken in to account while calculating net worthReserves created out of revaluation of assetsReserves created under amalgamation Reserves created out of written back of depreciation(2) Calls in arrear shall be deducted while calculating paid up capital.(3) Calls in advances will be ignore for net worth(4) ESOP reserve is required to be included while calculating the net worth of companies as it is created out of profit and loss and finally transferred to share capital/security premium/general reserve as appropriate.

15. Roadmap of Ind-AS for NBFCsVoluntary PhaseNot allowedMandatory Phase IFrom 1/4/2018Mandatory Phase II1/4/2019 and onwards

16. Roadmap for Scheduled Commercial Banks ( excluding Regional Rural Banks)Schedule Commercial Bank excluding Regional Rural banks were initially required to implement Ind-AS from 1/4/2018. RBI deferred the implementation of Ind-AS by one year i.e from 1/4/2019 onwards. But latter on RBI further deferred the implementation of Ind-AS till further notice. Voluntary adoption of Ind-AS not allowed for banks, so Bank is using ICAI AS till the implementation of Ind-AS

17. Roadmap for Insurance companies The Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (IRDA) has deferred the date of implementation of Ind-AS for insurance sector till further notice .Voluntary adoption of Ind-AS not allowed for Insurance companies. Insurance sector is waiting of Ind AS 117 which is under process for Insurance business.

18. list of Ind-AS vis a Vis Corresponding AS/GNS.noInd-AS Ind-AS TitleAS/GN numberAS/GN Title1101FIRST TIME ADOPTION OF INDIAN ACCOUNTING STANDARDSNONO2102SHARE BASED PAYMENTSGN-18GUIDANCE NOTES ON ACCOUNTING FOR EMPLOYEES SHARE BASED PAYMENTS3103BUSINESS COMBINATIONSAS-14ACCOUNTING FOR AMALGAMATIONS4104Insurance contractNONO5105NON CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALES & DISCONTINUED OPERATIONSAS-24DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS6106Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral ResourcesNONO7107FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS-DISCLOSURESNONA8108OPERATING SEGMENTSAS-17SEGMENT REPORTING9109FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS NONA10110CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAS-21CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

19. S.noInd-AS Ind-AS TitleAS/GN numberAS/GN Title11111JOINT ARRANGEMENTSAS-27FINANCIAL REPORTING OF INTEREST IN JOINT VENTURES12112DISCLOSURE OF INTERESTS IN OTHER ENTITIESNONA13113FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTNONA14114Regulatory Deferral AccountsNONO15115REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERSAS-9REVENUE RECOGNITIONS16116LeasesAS-19Leases171PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAS-1DISCLOSURE OF ACCOUTING POLICIES182INVENTORIESAS-2VALUATION OF INVENTORIES197STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWAS-3CASH FLOW STATEMENT208ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES & ERRORSAS-5NET PROFIT OR LOSS FOR THE PERIOD, PRIOR PERIOD ITEMS & CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING POLICES

20. S.noInd-AS Ind-AS TitleAS/GN numberAS/GN Title2110EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING PERIODAS-4CONTINGENCY & EVENTS OCCURING AFTER THE BALANCE SHEET DATE2212INCOME TAXESAS-22ACCOUTING FOR TAXES ON INCOME2316PROPERTY PLANT & EQUIPMENTSAS-10PROPERTY PLANT & EQUIPMENTS2419EMPLOYEES BENEFITSAS-15EMPLOYEES BENEFITS2520ACCOUNTING FOR GOVERNMENT GRANT AND DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCEAS-12ACCOUNTING FOR GOVERNMENT GRANTS2621THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATESAS-11THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES2723BORROWING COSTSAS-16BORROWING COSTS2824RELATED PARTY DISCLOSURESAS-18RELATED PARTY DISCLOSURES2927SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNONA3028INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATES AND JOINT VENTRURESAS-23ACCOUNTING FOR INVESTMENT IN ASSCOATES IN CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

21. S.noInd-AS Ind-AS TitleAS/GN numberAS/GN Title3129FINANCIAL REPORTING IN HYPERINFLATIONARY ECONOMIESNONA3232FINANCIAL INTRUMENTS-PRESENTATIONNONA3333EARING PER SHAREAS-20EARNING PER SHARE3434INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTINGAS-25INTERIM FINANIAL REPORTING3536IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETSAS-28IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS3637PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES & CONTINGENT ASSETSAS-29PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABLITIES & CONTINGENT ASSETS3738INTANGIBLE ASSETSAS-26INTANGIBLE ASSETS3840INVESTMENT PREPERTYAS-13ACCOUNTING FOR INVESTMENT 3941AGRUCULTURENONA

22. Ind AS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements

23. Topic no 1: COMPLETE SET OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSA complete set of financial statements comprises:(i) a balance sheet as at the end of the period;(ii) a statement of profit and loss for the period;(iii) statement of changes in equity for the period;(iv) a statement of cash flows for the period;(iv) notes, comprising significant accounting policies and other explanatory information;(vi) comparative information in respect of the preceding period;(vii) a balance sheet as at the beginning of the preceding period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatements of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements.

24. Topic no 1: COMPLETE SET OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSImportant note:An entity shall present a single statement of profit and loss, with profit or loss and other comprehensive income presented in two sections. The sections shall be presented together, with the profit or loss section presented first followed directly by the other comprehensive income section.

25. Important note An entity shall present, as a minimum:2 Balance Sheets2 Statement of Profit and Loss2 Statement of Cash Flows2 Statement of Changes in Equity and Related Notes.

26. Carve OutAs per IFRS/IASIAS 1 requires that in case of a loan liability, if any condition of the loan agreement which was classified as non -current is breached on or before the reporting date, such loan liability should be classified as current, even if the breach is rectified after the balance sheet date.

27. Carve OutPara 74 of Ind AS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements clarifies that where there is a breach of a material provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the entity does not classify the liability as current, if the lender agreed, after the reporting period and before the approval of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach.Para 75 of Ind AS 1: Presentation of Financial statements further clarifies that an entity classifies the liability as non current if the lender agreed by the end of reporting period to provide a period of grace ending at least twelve months after the reporting date , with in which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment.

28. Para 3 of Ind AS 10: Event after the reporting period are those events , favourable and unfavourable , that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are approved by the Board of Director in case of company. Two types of events can be identified :( i) Those that providing evidence of the conditions that existed at the end of reporting period ( adjusting events)(ii) Those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period ( non adjusting events)Notwithstanding anything contained above, where there is a breach of a material provisions of a long term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the agreement by lender before the approval of the financial statements, to not demand payment as a consequences of the breach , shall be considered as adjusting events

29. ReasonUnder Indian banking system, a long-term loan agreement generally contains a large number of conditions. Some of these conditions are substantive, such as, recalling the loan in case interest is not paid, and some conditions are procedural and not substantive, such as, submission of insurance details where the entity has taken the insurance but not submitted the details to the lender at the end of the reporting period. Generally, customer-banker relationships are developed whereby in case of any procedural breach, a loan is generally not recalled. Also, in many cases, a breach is rectified after the balance sheet date and before the approval of financial statements. Carve out has been made as it is felt that if the breach is rectified after the balance sheet date and before the approval of the financial statements, it would be appropriate that the users are informed about the true nature of liabilities being non-current liabilities and not current liabilities.

30. General features of financial statementsPresentation of true and fair view and compliance with Ind ASGoing concernAccrual base of accountingMateriality & AggregationOffsetting( as permitted by other Ind AS eg DTA and DTL)Frequency of reporting( at least annually)Comparative informationConsistency of presentation

31. MCQ Ind AS 1Q 1: As per Ind AS 1, a complete set of financial statements do not comprise:Balance sheetStatement of change in equityNotes and other explanatory informationDirector’s report.

32. MCQ Ind AS 1Q 2: An entity whose financial statement comply with Ind AS shall make an ……….. Statement of such compliance in the notesExplicit and reservedImplicit and unreservedExplicit and unreserved.Implicit and reserved

33. MCQ Ind AS 1Q 3: As per Ind AS 1, an entity is not allowed to offset assets and liabilities or income and expenses . This statement is:Completely trueCompletely falsePartially true, offsetting is allowed if required or permitted by an Ind ASPartially false, offsetting is not allowed if stated by an Ind AS

34. Ind AS 2: Inventories

35. Inventories are assets:held for sale in the ordinary course of business; (Finished Goods)in the process of production for such sale; or (Work in progress)In the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services. (Raw material & consumables )

36. Measurement of InventoriesInventories shall be measured at the lower of COST & NET REALISABLE VALUE(NRV)

37. A. Cost of Inventories Cost of Inventories comprises:all costs of purchase;costs of conversion; andOther cost incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location & condition

38. (i) Cost of purchaseThe costs of purchase of inventories include:the purchase price( net of trade discount & Rebates),import duties and other taxes (non refundable),transport, freight , carriage, cartage, handling cost, loading, unloading, transit insurance andother costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services.

39. (ii) Special case when inventory is acquired in deferred payment basis: An entity may acquire inventories on deferred settlement terms. When the arrangement effectively contains a financing element, that element, for example a difference between the purchase prices for normal credit terms and the amount paid, is recognized as interest expense over the period of financing

40. Q 1: Which of the following cost is excluded from cost of inventory as per Ind AS 2Sales commission.Direct labour costFactory rent and utilitiesFactory overheads based on normal capacity.

41. Q 2: Allocation of fixed production overheads to the cost of conversion of items of inventory should be based on ……… production cacapityActualNormal.Abnormalestimated

42. Q 3: Which of the following cost formula is not allowed under Ind AS 2FIFOLIFO.Weighted averageSpecial identification method

43. Ind AS 7: Statement of Cash flow

44. Introduction of Ind AS 7Balance sheet show the financial position at particular date. Accrual concept is being followed while preparing balance sheet of entity.Statement of profit and loss show the performance of entity during the reporting period. It is also prepared as per accrual concept of accounting.The statement of cash flows includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents; it excludes transactions that do not affect cash receipts and payments.The information on cash flows is useful in assessing sources of generating and deploying cash and cash equivalents during the reporting period. The statement of cash flows can be used for comparison with earlier reporting periods of the same entity as well as comparison with other entities for the same reporting period.Ind AS 7, Statement of Cash Flows, prescribes principles and guidance on preparation and presentation of cash flows of an entity from operating activities, investing activities an d financing activities for a reporting period.An entity shall prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirements of this Standard and shall present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are presented.

45. Format of Statement of Cash flowParticularsAmount (`)Cash flow from Operations Activities+/-Cash flow from Investing Activities+/-Cash flow from Financing Activities+/-Net Cash Generated during the year+/-Add: Cash and Cash Equivalents at the beginning of the year+/-Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the year (which will be +/- Tallied with the cash and cash equivalents given in the balance sheet)

46. Important DefinitionsThe following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investment not included in cash equivalents.

47. Q 1: Which of the following is not the feature of cashCash in handDemand depositCash at bankNone of the above

48. Q 2: According to Ind AS 7, bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand are forming part of an entity’s cash management are considered as:Operating activitiesCash and cash equivalent.Financing activityInvesting activity

49. Q 3: The accountant of the company has classified separately the cash flow from extraordinary items as arising from operating, investing and financing activities which preparing the statement of cash flow. He is of the view that this is acceptable treatment under Ind AS 7TrueFalse.

50. Ind AS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Account estimates & Errors

51. ParticularGuidelines to be followed(1) Accounting policies( meaning, selection and changes)Ind AS 8(2) Change in Accounting EstimatesInd AS 8(3) ErrorsInd AS 8(4) Extraordinary itemsNo concept(5) Exceptional itemsInd AS 1

52. CONCEPTSAccounting Polices Meaning of Accounting PolicesSelection of Accounting policesChanges in Accounting polices2. Accounting EstimatesWhat are accounting estimatesChanges in accounting estimates3. ErrorsMeaning of accounting errorsAccounting treatment of errors

53. CONCEPT no 1: Accounting policiesAccounting Polices Meaning of Accounting PolicesAccounting polices are Specific principles,Bases,Conventions ,Rules and practices ,Adopted by the enterprises in preparing and presenting financial statements

54. CONCEPT no 1: Accounting policesAccounting Polices Selection of accounting policesRank 1: Followed rules of Ind AS if anyRank 2: Use management judgement if no Ind AS keeping in view the following twoReliable and relevance:Faithful representationSubstance over formPrudenceNeutralitycompleteness

55. CONCEPT no 1: Accounting policesImportant note: In making judgement as per ranking 2, management should consider:Ind AS dealing with similar and related transactionsGuidelines given by FrameworkRecent pronouncement of IASBAccepted industry practice

56. CONCEPT no 1: Accounting policesChange in Accounting policyThe same accounting policies must be followed from one period to the next period( concept of consistency). However an entity shall change accounting polices in the following cases only:If change in Ind ASIf change would result better presentation of Financial statementsThe following are not changes in Accounting policies:The first time application of an accounting policy to newly occurring item is not a change in accounting policy.The application of an accounting policy for transaction/event that differ in substance from those previously occurring

57. Concept 2: Accounting EstimatesMeaning of Accounting EstimatesSome times some components of financial statement cannot be measured with precision and can only be estimated eg provision for doubtful debt, provision for warranty cost, provisions for loss, useful life of asset, scrap value, useful life of asset etc. Accounting estimates are based on the latest available information. The use of reasonable estimates is an essential part of the preparation of financial statements and does not undermine their reliability.Change in Accounting EstimatesAccounting estimates are revised/change as a result of new information or new development or new experience or change in circumstances on which estimate was based.Effects of change in accounting estimatesA change in accounting estimates is recognized prospectively ie in the current period

58. Concept 2: Accounting EstimatesImportant notes regarding change in accounting estimatesAn estimate may need revision if changes occur in the circumstances on which the estimate was based or as a result of new information or more experience. By its nature, the revision of an estimate does not relate to prior periods and is not the correction of an error.A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate. When it is difficult to distinguish a change in an accounting policy from a change in an accounting estimate, the change is treated as a change in an accounting estimate. It may be noted that change in method of depreciation shall be treated as change in accounting estimates as per Ind AS 16-PPE

59. Concept 3: ErrorsMeaning of ErrorsPriors period errors are errors committed in earlier year but discovered in current year. Eg mathematical mistake, misinterpretation of facts, frauds, oversights etc. Definition of Priors period item as prescribed in Ind AS 8 is as under:Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity‘s financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were approved for issue; and(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements. Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.Effect of rectification of errors. Prior period amount are restated as if the error had never occurred. The error and the effect of its correction on financial statement are disclosed.Limitation of retrospective restatementWhen it is impracticable to determine the cummulative effect, at the beginning of current year, the entity shall restate the comparative information to correct the errors prospectively from the earliest date practicable.

60. Q 1: While selecting an accounting policy an entity should always review:Ind ASPronouncements of International accounting standards boardsConceptual framework onlyAll of the above

61. Q 2: Change in the method of depreciation shall be accounted …………….. In accordance with Ind AS 8As a change in accounting policyAs a change in accounting estimates.As a correction of errorAs per management discretion

62. Q 3: As per Ind AS 8, prior period errors shall be corrected:ProspectivelyRetrospectivelyProspectively with disclosureNone of the above

63. Ind AS 10: Events after the reporting period

64. Events after the reporting periodEvents after the reporting period are those events, favourable and unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors (in case of a company) and by the corresponding approving authority (in case of any other entity) for issue.

65. Type of EventsThe ‘events after the reporting period’ are classified into two categoriesAdjusting Events: Adjusting events are those that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period (adjusting events after the reporting period); andNon Adjusting Events: Non-adjusting events are those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period (non-adjusting events after the reporting period).

66. Concept 6: Carve out/Long term loan arrangementNotwithstanding anything contained in the definition of adjusting events and non-adjusting events in Ind AS 10, where there is a breach of a material provision of a long- term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the agreement by lender before the approval of the financial statements for issue, to not demand payment as a consequence of the breach, shall be considered as an adjusting event.

67. Q 1: the financial statements of A ltd for FY 2020-21 were approved by the board on 24th may 2021. the management discovered a major fraud and decided to reopen the books of account. The financial statements are subsequently approved by board on 31st may 2021. what is the date of approval for issue as per Ind AS 1024th may 202131st may 2021.Either a or bNeither a nor b

68. Q 2: Discovery of Fraud or error after the financial statement for issue but before approval by the shareholders need to be:Adjusted DisclosedNone of the aboveAdjusted if the impact of fraud or error is certain.

69. Ind AS 12: Income Tax

70. Topic no 1: IntroductionNote on temporary difference: As Ind AS 12 follows the balance sheet approach for the income tax accounting and therefore, it defines the temporary differences with respect to the balance sheet items ie asset or liabilities. These difference occur when the items of revenue or expenses are included in both accounting profit and taxable profit, but not for the same accounting period. For example, interest revenue received in arrear and included in the accounting profit on the basis of accrual say in 2017-18, however it may be included in taxable income in 2018-19 when it was actually received( cash basis) . In the long run the total taxable profit and total accounting profit will be the same except for some exceptions( permanent differences). It is to be noted that in Ind AS 12, there is no term like permanent differences. Temporary difference orginate in one period and are capable of reversal in on or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax is the tax attributable to such temporary differences . If temporary difference are taxable temporary difference generate DTL and if these are deductable temporary differences generate DTA.

71. (2) Nine Important DefinitionsAccounting profit is profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense( calculated as per Ind AS).Taxable profit (tax loss) is the profit (loss) for a period, computed as per the income tax act, upon which income taxes are payable (recoverable).Tax expense (tax income) is the aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax and deferred tax.Current tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period.Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences( AS 22 use word timing difference).Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:deductible temporary differences;the carry forward of unused tax losses; andthe carry forward of unused tax credits.

72. Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base.Temporary differences may be either:taxable temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled; ordeductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.ix. The tax base of an asset or liability is the carrying amount to that asset or liability for tax purposes

73. Q 1: As per ind as 12, a taxable temporary difference generatesDeferred tax liabilities.Deferred tax assetsTax incomeTax expenses

74. Q 2: Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in theAccounting and taxable profitBalance sheet and tax base.Accounting and tax baseNone of the above

75. Q 3:A ltd borrowed Rs. 10000000 from state bank of india onn 1/4/2018 for the period of three years. The bank has charged processing fees on such loan amounting to rs. 200000. No interest was repayable on loan but the amount repayable as on 31st march 2021 will be Rs. 13043800 as per loan agreement. This equates to an effective rate of 10%. As per income tax act, a deduction of Rs. 3043800 will be claimed when the loan was repaid as on 31st march 2021. Tax rate is 30%. What will be the implication of DTA or DTL as on 31 march 2019DTA of Rs. 234000.DTL of Rs. 234000DTA of Rs. 304380DTL of Rs. 304380

76. Ind AS 16-Property, Plant & Equipments

77. Definition of PPEProperty plant & Equipment are tangible items that:( a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.

78. General Recognition criteriaThe cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if:(i) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity; and(ii) The cost of the item can be measured reliably.

79. Conclusion: If four conditions satisfied then the asset will be treated PPETangible assetHeld for use in production, services, administrative purpose, distribution purpose, rental purpose ( DURING MORE THAN ONE PERIOD)Future economic benefit are expected to flow to the enterprisesCost can be measured reliably

80. Important note regarding definition of PPE and Recognition criteria(i) Applicability of Different Ind AS on buildingBuilding held for use in productionBuilding held for use in administrationBuilding held for use for selling department/Marketing agentsBuilding held for use in providing servicesBuilding held for saleBuilding held for rental incomeBuilding held for capital appreciationBuilding originally held for use/rental purpose but now held for sale

81. Recognition of spare parts, stand by equipments( kept in hand to ensure smooth running of activities) & Servicing equipments Items such as spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised in accordance with this Ind AS when they meet the definition of property, plant and equipment. Otherwise, such items are classified as inventory.

82. Out of scopeInd AS 16 not applicable in the following casesBiological assets( living plants eg cotton plants, tobacco plant, sugarcane plant, wheat, rice etc & Living animals eg cow diary farm, sheeps, poultary farm ) other than Bearer plants eg apple trees, Mango trees, coconut trees. Hence Ind AS 16 is applicable on bearer plantsWasting assets eg mineral oil, oresRetired assets held for sale( Ind AS 105-Non current asset held for sale and discontinued operations)Note : Ind AS 16 is applicable on PPE used to develop or maintain the asset described in (i) and (ii) above

83. Topic no 4: Initial Recognition of PPEAn item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset should be initially measured at its cost.Cost of PPE can be measured at the time of initial recognition under the following four casesAcquired from open marketSelf constructionExchange Hire purchase acquisition

84. Model for PresentationAn entity shall choose either the cost model or the revaluation model as its accounting policy and shall apply that policy to an entire class of property, plant and equipment.After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment shall be carried at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment lossesAfter recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be measured reliably is carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses. Revaluations are required to be carried out with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting period.

85. Q 1:……… is an amount at which an asset is recognized after deducting any accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment lossCarrying amountResidual valueFair valueImpairment amount

86. Q 2: How to value an item of property , plant and equipment acquired in exchange in an arm’s length commercial transactionCarrying value.Present valueResidual valueFair value

87. Q 3: what are the various method suggested for subsequent measurement as per ind as 16Fair value model or cost modelCost model or revaluation model.Fair value model or present value modelMarket price model or fair value model

88. Ind AS 19: Employee benefits

89. Scope of Ind AS 19This Standard shall be applied by an employer in accounting for all employee benefits other than benefits to which Ind AS 102, Share-based Payment, is applicable (e.g. Employees Stock Option Plans).Employee benefits to which this Standard applies include those providedunder formal plans/agreements between an entity and its individual employees/group of employees/their representatives,as required by law or as required by any type of industry arrangements whereby an entity is required to contribute to any nation/state/industry or other multi-employer plans; orby those informal practices that give rise to a constructive obligation. Informal practices give rise to a constructive obligation where the entity has no realistic alternative but to pay employee benefits.Example of a constructive obligation - Where a change in the entity’s informal practices would cause unacceptable damage to its relationship with employees

90. Concept no 3: Employee Benefits(1) Employee benefits include:short employee benefits,post-employment benefits,other long term employee benefits andtermination benefits.All these categories have different characteristics and hence the Standard has specified separate accounting requirements for each such category.

91. (2) Employee benefits include benefits provided either toemployees; ortheir dependents/Beneficiaries

92. (3) Employee benefits may be settled by payments (or the provision of goods or services) made eitherdirectly to the employees; ortheir spouses; ortheir children; ortheir other dependants; orothers, such as insurance companies/Trusts/EPF department.

93. (4) An employee may provide services to an entity on afull-time; orpart-time; orpermanent; orCasual/temporary basis.Note: For the purpose of this Standard, employees include directors and other management personnel.

94. A: Short term employee benefits( i) Meaning of STEB: Employee benefits ( other than termination benefits) that are expected to be settled wholly before 12 months after the end of annual reporting period in which the employee render the related service. STEB may be divided in to the following four categoriesRegular period benefits( Salary /wages, social security contributions)Paid annual leave & paid sick leaveProfit sharing & BonusNon monetary benefits( medical facility, housing facility, education facility, car facility, free or subsidized goods or services)

95. A: Short term employee benefits(ii) Recognition of Short term employee benefitsAccounting for short term benefits has two characteristics:short-term benefits are measured on an undiscounted basis; andthey don’t involve any actuarial valuation for their measurement.The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service shall be recognised:as a liability (accrued expense), after deducting any amount already paid.If the amount already paid exceeds the undiscounted amount of the benefits, an entity shall recognise that excess as an asset (prepaid expense) to the extent that the prepayment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payments or a cash refund; and(b) as an expense, if it doesn’t form part of the cost of an asset as per any other Ind AS (e.g. Ind AS 2, Inventories or Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and equipments

96. Types of Post employment benefits/Long term BenefitsDefined Contribution planDefined benefits plan

97. 1. defined contribution plansThe entity’s legal or constructive obligation is limited to the amount that it agrees to contribute to the fund.As a result of this, actuarial risk (which means that benefits will be less than expected) and investment risk (that assets invested will be insufficient to meet expected benefits) fall, in substance on the employee (and not on the entity).Example: Contribution of EPF, ESI, contribution to insurance company/Trust for retirement benefits/Insurance2. Under defined benefit plans(a) The entity’s obligation is to provide the agreed benefits employees; and(b) Actuarial risk (that benefits will cost more than expected) and investment risk fall, in substance, on the entity (and not on the employee like in the case of defined contribution plan).(c.) Thus, if actuarial or investment experience are worse than expected, the entity’s obligation may be increased.Example: Gratuity, fixed amount after the retirement or after continuing services for certain period etc.

98. ACCOUNTING FOR DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANSThe reporting entity’s obligation for each period is determined by the amounts to be contributed for that period.No actuarial assumptions are required to measure the obligation or the expense and there is no possibility of any actuarial gain or loss.The obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis , however discounting is done where the obligation falls due after twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period in which the employees render the related service.

99. Accounting for Defined benefits planAccounting for defined benefit plans is complex because -actuarial assumptions are required to measure the obligation and the expense;there is a possibility of actuarial gains and losses;the obligations are measured on a discounted basis because they may be settled many years after the employees render the related service

100. Q 1: Ind AS 19 employees benefits does not cover casual or temporary employeesTrueFalse

101. Q 2: Which of the following amount should not be recognized in profit and loss in relation to defined benefit planCurrent service costActuarial gain and lossBoth aboveNone of the above

102. Ind AS 20: Accounting for Government Grant & Disclosure of Government Assistance

103. Definition of Government( State/Central/Local Bodies/foreign Govt) grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity.They exclude those forms of government assistance which cannot reasonably have a value placed upon them and transactions with government which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the entity.Government grants are sometimes called by other names such as subsidies, subventions, or premiums.

104. Scope of Ind AS 20:Monetary GrantMonetary Grant for AssetsMonetary Grant for Revenue ExpensesMonetary Grant for setup of new Business in prescribed Area(2) Non Monetary GrantFor AssetsForgivable loans( New concept as per Ind AS 20)

105. RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT GRANTSInitial recognition of Grant should be made on accrual basis only when there is reasonable assurance that the entity will comply with the conditions attaching to them; andthe grants will be received.A government grant is not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that the entity will comply with the conditions attaching to it, and that the grant will be received. Receipt of a grant does not of itself provide conclusive evidence that the conditions attaching to the grant have been or will be fulfilledJournal entryGrant Receivable To Government Grant

106. ACCOUNTING OF GOVERNMENT GRANTThere are two approaches to the accounting of government grant: „capital approach‟ or „income approach‟. Under capital approach, a grant is recognised outside profit or loss, i.e., grant is credited directly to equity whereas under the income approach grant is recognised in profit or loss over one or more periods.The Standard rejects the capital approach and prescribes only the income approach

107. Basic Principle:Thus, government grants should be recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grant is intended to compensate.In most cases the periods over which an entity recognises the costs or expenses related to a government grant are readily ascertainable. Thus grants in recognition of specific expenses are recognised in profit or loss in the same period as the relevant expenses. Similarly, grants related to depreciable assets are usually recognised in profit or loss over the periods and in the proportions in which depreciation expense on those assets is recognized.

108. Accounting for Government GrantCase 1- Monetary GrantCase 2: Non Monetary Grant

109. Monetary Grant related with assets(a) Depreciable assets( PPE, Intangible asset)Initial recognitionOption 1: Deferred it and amortized in the statement of profit and loss over the period and in the proportions in which depreciation expenses on those asset is recognized.Option 2: Reduced it from the Cost of asset and charged depreciation on the net cost of asset after adjustment of Grant

110. Case study:A fixed asset was purchased for Rs. 10 lacs. Government grant received towards it amounted to Rs. 4 lacs. Show the accounting if it is a depreciable asset with Rs. 2 lacs residual value and four year useful life. The company adopts straight line method for depreciation.Also make accounting entries in the books of company if grant is refunded at the beginning of second year.

111. (b) Monetary Grant related with Non depreciable assetIf there is no condition then transfer to profit and loss immediately however if there is condition then deferred and amortized it over the period that bear the cost of meeting the obligation

112. (ii) Monetary Grant related with expensesWithout condition: Transfer to statement of profit and lossWith condition: deferred and amortized over the period of fulfillment of conditions attached with the grant( matching concept)

113. Q1: Ind AS 20 is applicable to Government Grant received for agricultureTrue False.

114. Q2: What dies the term “ Government means in the context of accounting for government grantGovernmentGovernment agenciesSimilar bodies whether local national or internationalAll of the above.

115. Ind AS 21: The Effects of changes in Foreign exchange rates

116. (1) Objective of Ind AS 21: The objective of the Standard is to address the accounting for foreign activities which include:transactions in foreign currencies; orforeign operations.Considering that an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency, the Standard also seeks to prescribe how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency.In this context, the Standard defines foreign currency as a currency other than the functional currency of the entity.

117. (2) Important definitionFunctional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.In this regard, the primary economic environment will normally be the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash i.e. it operates. The functional currency is normally the currency of the country in which the entity is located. It might, however, be a different currency.Foreign operation has been defined as an entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint venture or branch of a reporting entity, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity.Presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented, the presentation currency may be different from the entity’s functional currency.

118. 4. Spot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery.5. Closing rate is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.6. Exchange difference is the difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates.

119. (3) 9 Nine important notes for Functional CurrencyAn entity measures its assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses in its functional currencyAll transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are foreign currency transactions.Ind AS 21 requires each entity to determine its functional currency.In determining its functional currency, an entity emphasises the currency that determines the pricing of the transactions that it undertakes, rather than focusing on the currency in which those transactions are denominated.(v) The following are the factors that may be considered in determining an appropriate functional currency (Primary indicators):the currency:that mainly influences sales prices for its goods and services. This will often be the currency in which sales prices are denominated and settled; andof the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales prices of its goods and services.the currency that mainly influences labour, material and other costs of providing goods and services. This will often be the currency in which these costs are denominated and settled.

120. (vi) Other factors that may provide supporting evidence to determine an entity’s functional currency are (Secondary indicators):the currency in which funds from financing activities (i.e. issuing debt and equity instruments) are generated; andthe currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained.

121. (vii) If an entity is a foreign operation, additional factors are set out in this Standard which should be considered to determine whether its functional currency is the same as that of the reporting entity of which it is a subsidiary, branch, associate or joint venture:Whether the activities of foreign operations are carried out as an extension of that reporting entity, rather than being carried out with a significant degree of autonomy;An example of the former is when the foreign operation only sells goods imported from the reporting entity and remits the proceeds to it.An example of the latter is when the foreign operations accumulates cash and other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency.(b) Whether the transactions with the reporting entity are a high or a low proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;(c,) Whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operations directly affect the cash flows of the reporting entity and are readily available for remittance to it.(d) Whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation are sufficient to service existing and normally expected debt obligation without funds being made available by the reporting entity.These factors also demonstrate whether the entity is integral to the reporting entity or not. In practice, the functional currency of a foreign operation that is integral to the parent / reporting entity will usually be the same as that of the parent / reporting entity.

122. (viii) Determining an entity’s functional currency depends on the facts and circumstances.(ix) When the above indicators are mixed and the functional currency is not obvious, the management will be required to use its judgement to determine the functional currency that most faithfully represents the economic effects of the underlying transactions, events and conditions. As part of this approach, management has to give priority to the primary indicators before considering the other indicators, which are designed to provide additional supporting evidence to determine an entity’s functional currency.

123. Q 1: The currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates is called asFunctional currencyForeign currencyReporting currencyPresentation currency

124. Q 2: AB Inc, a USA based company has a subsidiary in India SG ltd. The subsidiary assembles all goods in india using a combination of locally sourced material and material manufactured by AB inc. All goods are tahen exported and sold in south Africa, based on selling price decided by AB inc and influenced by indian market. The company has a loan from an indian bank. What will be the functional currency of SG ltdINR.US$South affrican Rand®None

125. Ind AS 23: Borrowing cost

126. CONCEPTSCore Principle of Ind AS 23-Borrowing costThe core principle of Ind AS 23 states that:(i) Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are included in the cost of that asset i.e. must be capitalised.(ii) Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred

127. Definition of Borrowing CostBorrowing Cost are interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs may include:interest expense calculated using the effective interest rate method as described in Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments;interest in respect of lease liabilities recognized in accordance with Ind AS 116, Leases; andexchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs

128. Note on effective rate of interest( N:As per Ind AS 23, interest on borrowed fund must be calculated using effective rate of interest method. There may be some expenses at the time of arrangement of borrowed funds or at the time of repayment of borrowed fund. For example, commission, commitment fees, discount on issue of debentures, underwriting commission , stamp duty,premium on redemption of debentures. All these expenses shall be taken into account while calculating effective rate of interest, in fact due to these expenses the effective interest rate is increased as compare to the actual interest rate.

129. 1]Case study on effective rate of interest X ltd issue 10% debentures on dated 1/4/2018. The detail is as under:No of debenture: 10000Issue price per debenture: 98Face value per debenture: 100Redemption after five year at premium of 5%Underwriting commission: 2.50% on face valueCalculate effective rate of interest and prepared debentures accounts for five years.

130. Q 1: Borrowing cost that are directly attributable to the ………. Of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that assetAcquisitionConstrutionProductionAll of the above

131. Q 2 : How to treat the borrowing cost incurred during the extended period in which an entity suspends active development of a qualifying assetCapitalizedExpensedCharged to statement of changes in equityNone of the above

132. Ind AS 24: Related Party Disclosures

133. CONCEPTSIntroduction of Ind AS 24Important terms used in Ind AS 24Related party transactionIdentification of related partiesRelated Party Disclosures

134. CONCEPT NO 1: Introduction of Ind AS-24Users are entitled to believe that all the transactions of an entity are at “ARM’s LENGTH”.Arm’s length transaction is a business deal in which both parties of transactions act independently. The concept of an arm’s length transaction assures that both parties in the deal are acting in their own self interest and are not subject to any pressure from the other party. It also assures users that there is no collusion between the buyer and seller.

135. CONCEPT NO 1: Introduction of Ind AS 24Sometimes business transactions between RELATED PARTIES lose the feature and character of the arm’s length transactions. Hence disclosure of related party transaction is essential for proper understanding of financial performance and financial position of enterprises.

136. CONCEPT NO 2: Important terms used in Ind AS 24Holding & Subsidiary CompanyIf an entity CONTROL other entity then controlling entity is known as Holding company and the entity to whom holding company control is known as subsidiary company. Control means power to Govern the decision of other entity ie acquisition of more than 50% equity shares of other entity. The meaning of control will be discussed in detail under Ind AS 110: Consolidated Financial Statements2. Fellow SubsidiarySubsidiaries under common control is known as Fellow subsidiaries

137. CONCEPT NO 2: Important terms used in Ind AS 243. Significant influence means power to participate in operating/financial decisions of the entity but not controlling power eg acquisition of 20% or more equity shares but up to 50%.4. Associates: If an entity enjoy significant influence over the other entity then such other entity is considered as associates of the investor company.5. Joint Venture is an economic activity which is undertaken by two or more enterprises subject to the joint control . The entities which exercise joint control are known as joint venturer/Co venturers

138. CONCEPT NO 2: Important terms used in Ind AS 246. Key management personal: A person who is excercising three powers at any level in company is known as key management personal. Such three powers are Planning, Directing and Controlling. Designation of a person is not important but the exercise of three powers is important. A non executive director can also be considered as KMP if he/she is enjoying three powers.7. Close members of a family of a person: Close member of the family of a person are those family members who may be expected to influence or be influenced by, that person in their dealing with entity including:

139. CONCEPT NO 2: Important terms used in Ind AS 24That person’s childrenThat person’s spouseThat person’s domestic partnerThat person’s brotherThat person’s sisterThat person’s fatherThat person’s motherChildren of that person’s spouseChildren of that person’s domestic partnerDependent of that personDependent of that person’s spouseDependent of that person’s domestic partner

140. CONCEPT NO 2: Important terms used in Ind AS 248: Related party: is a person or an entity that is related to the reporting enterprises9 Reporting entity: is an entity that is preparing its financial statementImportant note: The Standard clarifies that in considering each possible related party relationship, the attention should be directed to the substance of the relationship

141. CONCEPT NO 3: Related party transactionsA related party transaction is a transfer of resources, services or obligations between areporting entity and a related party, regardless of whether a price is charged.Examplespurchases or sales of goods (finished or unfinished);purchases or sales of property and other assets;rendering or receiving of services;leases;transfers of research and development transfers under licence agreements;transfers under finance arrangements (including loans and equity contributions in cash or in kind);provision of guarantees or collateral;commitments to do something if a particular event occurs or does not occur in the future, including executory contracts1 (recognised and unrecognised);settlement of liabilities on behalf of the entity or by the entity on behalf of that related party; andmanagement contracts including for deputation of employees.

142. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a personCase no 2: If related party is an entity

143. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a personIf a person control reporting enterprisesAns: The controlling person and his/her close member of family shall be reported as Related party of reporting enterprisesMr X purchase 60% voting power of A ltd then Mr X and his close family members shall be treated as related party of A Ltd(ii) If a person is enjoying significant influence over reporting enterprisesMr X purchase 20% or more voting power but up to 50% of A ltd then Mr X and his close family members shall be treated as related party of A ltd

144. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a person(iii) If reporting enterprises is a joint venture of a personAns: The Venturer and his/her close family member shall be reported as related party for joint ventureMr X and Mr Y are co venture of A ltd then co venturers and his/her family members shall be reported as related party for reporting enterprises ie A ltd. However it may be noted that co venturers shall not be considered as related party for each other.(iv) If person is a Key Management in a company then such person and his/her close family members shall be considered as related party of company.

145. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a person(v) If any person is a key management in parent company of reporting enterprises( subsidiary company then such person along with his/her close family members shall be considered as related party of subsidiary company.When person made related party relationship between the entities(a) If a person enjoy control in one enterprises and he/she enjoys significant influence in other enterprises then the enterprises in which such person is common shall also be considered as related party to each other

146. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a personMr X purchase 60% voting power of A ltd and 25% voting power of B ltd then A ltd and B ltd shall be considered as related party to each other. (b) If one person control one enterprises and also control other enterprises then enterprises in which such person is common, shall be treated as related party. For examples Mr X purchase 75% voting power of A ltd and 80% voting power of B ltd , then A ltd and B ltd shall be considered as related party for each other.(c.) If one person enjoying control in enterprises but he/she is key management of other enterprises.

147. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a personIt may be noted that if Mr X is KMP of A ltd and KMP of B ltd then A ltd and B ltd shall not be considered as related party since at least one side control is necessary. It may also be noted that if Mr X enjoying significant influence in A ltd and also significant influence in B ltd then also A ltd and B ltd shall not be considered as related party.It may further be noted that if Mr X is KMP of A ltd and enjoying significant influence in B ltd then also A ltd and B ltd shall not be considered as related party.

148. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase no 1: If related party is a person(d) One person exercising control over one enterprises and his/her close family is KMP of other enterprises(e) One person exercising control over one enterprises and his/her family members exercising significant influence over other enterprisesIt may be noted that if one person exercising SI or KMP of an entity and that person/close family member exercising SI or KMP of other entity, the such two entities shall not be considered as related party.

149. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related partiesCase 2: Related party in form of entitiesAll the companies in the same group are to be considered as related party to each other.( This covers Holding, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary)Note : Same group means group of holding and subsidiaries company whether direct or indirect

150. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related parties(ii) If an entity has an associates or joint venture then they will be considered as related party( this covers Associates and joint ventures)Note: It may be noted that Co-Venturers and Co-associates are not related parties.

151. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related parties(iii) If a member in the same group has an associates or joint venture then all entities in the group shall be considered as related party for such an associates or joint venture.

152. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related parties(iv) If an entity is common in two joint venture then joint venture will be related party in which such entity is common.

153. CONCEPT NO 4: Identification of related parties(v) If an entity has an associates and a joint venture then associates and joint venture shall be related party for each other.

154. Q 1: Mr Z is having control over the company “Alpha”. Mr Y is the grandfather of Mr Z and Mr X is the son of Mr Y. Alpha is the reporting entity. Who is related party to company alphaMr X.Mr X and Mr YMr YNone of the above

155. Q 2: According to Ind AS 24, in considering each possible related party relationship attention is directed to the:Substance of the relationshipLegal form of the relation shipSubstance and not merely the legal form of the relationship.None

156. Ind AS 33: EARNING PER SHARE

157. CONCEPTSIntroductionBasic Earning per shareHow to calculate Profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersHow to calculate weighted average number of equity sharesDiluted Earning per share

158. CONCEPT NO 1: Introduction of Ind AS-33(1) This standard prescribed the principles for determination and presentation of Earning per share.(2) This will help the users for making comparison of enterprises with other enterprises for same period before making rational decision.(3) This will also help users for making comparative analysis of same enterprises for the different financial year for checking the growth of enterprises.(4) Earning per share is a financial ratio indicating the amount of profit or loss for the period attributable to each equity share

159. CONCEPT NO 1: Introduction of Ind AS-33(5) EPS may be of two types -Basic EPS and Diluted EPS(6) Both EPS are required to be disclosed on the face of statement of profit and loss(7) As per Schedule III, Division II, Statement of profit and los requires Disclosure of :Basic EPS and Diluted EPS from continuing operationsBasic EPS and Diluted EPS from discontinued operationsBasic EPS and Diluted EPS from all operations(8) In case of loss, negative EPS should be disclosed(9) EPS is calculated for the period and not as on date. Hence time weight on number of shares outstanding during the year is relevant for calculation of EPS.

160. CONCEPT NO 1: Introduction of Ind AS-33(10)If no discontinued operations then two EPS required to be disclosed Basic EPS and Diluted EPS however in case of discontinued operations, six EPS required to be disclosed( three basic and three diluted)(11) EPS is calculated only for ordinary share/Equity share(12) If preference share are redeemable & preference dividend is mandatory ( says Rs. 10 per share per annumn)then such dividend will be treated as financial liability(13) If preference shares are redeemable & preference dividend is not mandatory but discretionary , the preference dividend shall not be treated as liability but such dividend will be deducted from PAT as per following rules:If preference shares are commulative- deduct whether declared or not( but it will not be adjusted again in year of actual declaration)If preference shares are non communicative- deduct only when it has been declared.It means if dividend is mandatory then deduct under heading finance cost on yearly basis and if non mandatory but commutative then deduct from PAT on annual basis.

161. CONCEPT NO 2: Basic Earning per shareBasic Earning per share is calculated as under:Net profit/Loss attributable to equity share holder( concept no 3)Weighted average number of ordinary share outstanding during the period ( concept no 4)

162. CONCEPT NO 3: How to calculate profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersNote no 1: Transfer to reserves are not relevant for EPS whether free or statutory reserveNote no 2: Prior period items/Errors and exceptional items must be adjusted while calculating PAT.Note no 3: only profit & loss part of statement of profit and loss is relevant for EPS , OCI part is not relevant for EPS.

163. CONCEPT NO 3: How to calculate profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersNote no 4( v imp): As per the provision of Ind AS 33, preference dividend on preference share capital will be considered using effective rate method( ie implicit rate of return/internal rate of return) instead of actual dividend rate. However Corporate dividend tax liability shall be taken on actual basis. It may also be noted that Ind AS 23: Borrowing cost also following the technique of effective rate instead of actual rate. The technique of effective rate is originally given under Ind AS 109: Financial instruments

164. CONCEPT NO 3: How to calculate profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersCase study on note no 4 ie effective rate of preference dividendPreference share capital: Rs. 1000000( face value)Issue term : at premium 5%IRR: 10%Actual rate of dividend: 8%Redemption term: at premium of 10%.Calculate the preference dividend relevant for EPS for first and second year.

165. CONCEPT NO 3: How to calculate profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersNote no 5: If premium or discount take place at the time of buy back of preference share due to early redemption, then the difference between payment and carrying amount of preference share capital will be adjusted while calculating earning available for equity shareholders as an income or expenses even if such income or expenses is adjusted with reserves of company. It may further be noted that premium on routine redemption is already adjusted while calculating effective rate of dividend, hence will not be adjusted on actual basis.

166. CONCEPT NO 3: How to calculate profit/loss attributable to equity shareholdersNote no 6:Equity dividend and CDT on equity dividend is not relevant for EPS hence the same may be ignore. Note 7: If Profit after tax is given in the questions and questions is silent then we may assume that profit has been correctly calculated as per the provisions of companies act and Ind AS hence assume all the relevant adjustment have already been made in PAT.

167. Note 8: An entity that has preference shares in issue, will classify those shares as financial liabilities or equity in accordance with the principles under Ind AS 32. An adjustment is required to the profit or loss for the period, to arrive at the profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders for the purpose of calculating EPS, if preference shares are classified as equity. Any dividends and other appropriations would be debited directly to equity under Ind AS 32. Any dividends or other appropriations for preference shares classified as liabilities should be accounted for as finance costs in arriving at profit or loss for the period. No adjustment is required for the purpose of calculating EPS.

168. Note 9: The amount of dividends declared in respect of the year should be deducted in arriving at the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders for preference dividends that are non-cumulative.Note 10:The dividend for the period should be taken into account, whether or not it has been declared for cumulative preference dividends. If an entity is unable to pay or declare a cumulative preference dividend, the undeclared amount of the cumulative preference dividend should still be deducted in arriving at earnings for the purpose of the EPS calculation. The amount paid is not deducted in arriving at earnings for the purpose of the EPS calculation in the period in which arrears of cumulative preference dividends are paid.

169. Note 11: Early conversion of convertible preference shares may be induced by an entity through favourable changes to the original conversion terms or the payment of additional consideration. The excess of the fair value of the ordinary shares or other consideration paid over the fair value of the ordinary shares issuable under the original conversion terms is a return to the preference shareholders and is deducted in calculating profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the entity.Note 12: Preference shares may be repurchased under an entity’s tender offer to the holders. The excess of the fair value of the consideration paid to the preference shareholders over the carrying amount of the preference shares represents a return to the holders of the preference shares and a charge to retained earnings for the entity. This amount is deducted in calculating profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the entity.

170. Note 13: Preference shares that provide for a low initial dividend to compensate an entity for selling the preference shares at a discount, or an above-market dividend in later periods to compensate investors for purchasing preference shares at a premium, are sometimes referred to as increasing rate preference shares. Any original issue discount or premium on increasing rate preference shares is amortised to retained earnings using the effective interest method and treated as a preference dividend for the purposes of calculating earnings per share (irrespective of whether such discount or premium is debited or credited to securities premium account in view of requirements of any law)..

171. Q 1: Which of the following is not an example of potential ordinary shareConvertible debtShare warrantContingent shareNon convertible preference share.

172. Q 2: share issued in exchange for settlement of a liability are included the Weighted average number of equity share from the:Date that interest ceases to accrueSettlement date.Acquisition dateAny of the above..

173. Ind AS 34: Interim Financial Reporting(IFR)

174. Topics/ConceptsIntroduction of IFRForm and contents of IFRGuidelines for preparation of IFR

175. 1. Introduction of IFRInd AS 34 does not mandate to prepare IFR. If IFR is required to be prepared as per the provisions for Law/Regulation, then such IFR shall be prepared as per the provisions of Ind AS 34 eg SEBI required every listed company to submit quarterly IFR. It may also be noted that if a company prepared IFR voluntary( unlisted company), then such company shall also followed Ind AS 34 as applicable.

176. 2. Form and contents of IFRIFR shall includes , at minimum, the following:A condensed Balance sheetA condensed statement of profit and lossA condensed statement of cash flowA condensed statement of change in equityCondensed notes to AccountsIFR shall included headings and sub totals included in the most recent annual financial statements, addition line item may also be included if their omission would make their condensed IFR misleading. Further Basic and diluted EPS shall also be presented as per Ind AS 33.However company may present completed set of financial statement as per Ind AS 1 on quarterly basis if it desired.

177. 2. Form and contents of IFRComparatives for IFRBalance sheet:As at the end of current IFR period and comparatives balance sheet as at the end of immediately preceding financial year.Statement of profit and lossFor the current interim period( with comparative of previous year corresponding interim period)For year to date( cumulative) with comparative of previous year corresponding year to date.

178. 2. Form and contents of IFRComparatives for IFRStatement of cash flowYear to date with comparative year to date of immediately preceding yearStatement of change in equityYear to date with comparative year to date of immediately preceding year

179. 3. Guidelines for IFRSame accounting policies as used in annual financial statements, if company want to change, then the same will also be change in the annual financial statements.2. As per Ind AS 34 the income and expense should be recognised when they are earned and incurred respectively. The costs should be anticipated or deferred only when:it is appropriate to anticipate or defer that type of cost at the end of the financial year, andcosts are incurred unevenly during the financial year of an enterprise.Examples of unevenly expenditure- advertisement, research, training expenditure etcHence Expenses should not be deferred for the purpose of matching with income during seasonal period. And the same may be deferred only when if such type of expenditure are allowed to be deferred assuming that interim period ending period is the end of financial year. ( if assume that first quarter ending period ie 30th June assuming that it is end of financial year and then think that whether such cost is allowed to be deferred to next financial year as per the provisions of relevant Ind AS.

180. 3. Guidelines for IFRExample of unevenly expenditure- advertisement, training, research expenditure , donationComment whether following accounting treatment is correct as per ind as 34Training expenses incurred in the first quarter will be allocated equally over the four quarter because the benefit is spread over the entire year.Training expenses expected to be incurred in the last quarter will be estimated and equally allocated to all the four quarterA donation of Rs. 10 lacs is expected to be made in the second quarter, provision will be made in the first quarter.70% of the clients revenue comes in the second quarter. The client want to spread this revenue to all the four quarter, else the quarterly accounts will fluctuate significantly.A major repair is planned of the plant in the fourth quarterly. The estimated repair expenditure will be accounted for in the first quarter itself.Over the years the client has been unfailingly giving bonus to staff in the third quarter. This has become its constructive obligation. The client does not wish to charge a proportionate amount of bonus in the current quarter.Note on bonus to employees: A bonus is anticipated for the interim reporting purpose if and only if :The bonus is a legal obligation or past practice would make the bonus a constructive obligation for which enterprises has no alternative but to make such payment and A reliable estimate of the obligation can be made.(vii) Salary for the entire year is paid in the first quarter of FY 2020-21, the entire salary is booked in the first quarter.(viii) Huge Advertisement expenditure incurred in the first quarter and entity allocated this expenditure in the four quarter on some rational basis.(ix) Advanced payment for advertisement in the first quarter , advertisement to be done in the third quarter of FY. The entity charge expenditure in the first quarter.(x) Advanced payment for advertisement in the first quarter of FY 2020-21, the advertisement to be done in the FY 2021-22Ans: all accounting policies are wrong

181. 3. Guidelines for IFR3. Interim period income tax expense is accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings, that is, the estimated average annual effective income tax rate applied to the pre-tax income of the interim period. Income taxes are assessed on an annual basis. Interim period income tax expense is calculated by applying to an interim period’s pre-tax income the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings, that is, the estimated average annual effective income tax rate. if different income tax rates apply to different categories of income (such as capital gains or income earned in particular industries), to the extent practicable a separate rate is applied to each individual category of interim period pre-tax income

182. Q 1: Company A has reported ` 60,000 as pre tax profit in first quarter and expects a loss of ` 15,000 each in the subsequent quarte` It has a corporate tax slab of 20 percent on the first ` 20,000 of annual earnings and 40 per cent on all additional earnings. Calculate the amount of tax to be shown in each quarter.Q 2: ABC Ltd. presents interim financial report quarterly. On 1.4.20X1, ABC Ltd. has carried forward loss of ` 600 lakhs for income-tax purpose for which deferred tax asset has not been recognized. ABC Ltd. earns ` 900 lakhs in each quarter ending on 30.6.20X1, 30.9.20X1, 31.12.20X1 and 31.3.20X2 excluding the carried forward loss. Income-tax rate is expected to be 40%. Calculate the amount of tax expense to be reported in each quarter.

183. Q 3Innovative Corporation Private Limited (or “ICPL”) is dealing in seasonal product and the sales pattern of the product, quarter wise is as under during the financial year 20X1-20X2: Qtr. IQtr. IIQtr. IIIQtr. IVending 30 Juneending 30 Septemberending 31 Decemberending 31 March10%10%60%20%  ParticularsAmounts (in crore)Sales70Employees benefits expenses25Administrative and other expenses12Finance cost4ICPL while preparing interim financial report for first quarter wants to defer ` 16 crores expenditure to third quarter on the argument that third quarter is having more sales therefore third quarter should be debited by more expenditure. Considering the seasonal nature of business and that the expenditures are uniform throughout all quarte`Calculate the result of first quarter as per Ind AS 34 and comment on the company’s view

184. Q 4: ABC Limited manufactures automobile parts. ABC Limited has shown a net profit of ` 20,00,000 for the third quarter of 20X1.Following adjustments are made while computing the net profit:Bad debts of ` 1,00,000 incurred during the quarter. 50% of the bad debts have been deferred to the next quarter.Additional depreciation of ` 4,50,000 resulting from the change in the method of depreciation.Exceptional loss of ` 28,000 incurred during the third quarter. 50% of exceptional loss have been deferred to next quarter.` 5,00,000 expenditure on account of administrative expenses pertaining to the third quarter is deferred on the argument that the fourth quarter will have more sales; therefore fourth quarter should be debited by higher expenditure. The expenditures are uniform throughout all quarters.Ascertain the correct net profit to be shown in the Interim Financial Report of third quarter to be presented to the Board of Directors.

185. Q 5: Company A expects to earn ` 15,000 pre-tax profit each quarter and has a corporate tax slab of 20 percent on the first ` 20,000 of annual earnings and 40 per cent on all additional earnings. Actual earnings match expectations. Calculate the amount of income tax to be shown in each quarter.

186. Q 6: Narayan Ltd. provides you the following information and asks you to calculate the tax expense for each quarter, assuming that there is no difference between the estimated taxable income and the estimated accounting income:Estimated Gross Annual Income 33,00,000(inclusive of Estimated Capital Gains of ` 8,00,000)Estimated Income of Quarter I is ` 7,00,000, Quarter II is ` 8,00,000, Quarter III (including Estimated Capital Gains of ` 8,00,000) is ` 12,00,000 and Quarter IV is ` 6,00,000Tax Rates:On Capital Gains12% On Other Income: First ` 5,00,00030% Balance Income·40%

187. Q 7: An entity reports quarterly, earns ` 1,50,000 pre-tax profit in the first quarter but expects to incur losses of ` 50,000 in each of the three remaining quarte` The entity operates in a jurisdiction in which its estimated average annual income tax rate is 30%.The management believes that since the entity has zero income for the year, its income -tax expense for the year will be zero. State whether the management’s views are correct or not? If not, then calculate the tax expense for each quarter as well as for the year as per Ind AS 34.

188. Solution: As per Ind AS 34 ‘Interim financial reporting’, income tax expense is recognised in each interim period based on the best estimate of the weighted average annual income tax rate expected for the full financial year.Accordingly, the management’s contention that since the net income for the year will be zero no income tax expense shall be charged quarterly in the interim financial report, is not correct. Since the effective tax rate or average annual income tax rate is already given in the question as 30%, the income tax expense will be recognised in each interim quarter basedon this rate only. The following table shows the correct income tax expense to be reported each quarter in accordance with Ind AS 34:PeriodPre-tax earnings (in `)Effective tax rateTax expense (in `)First Quarter1,50,00030%45,000Second Quarter(50,000)30%(15,000)Third Quarter(50,000)30%(15,000)Fourth Quarter(50,000)30%(15,000)Annual0 0

189. Q 8: Due to decline in market price in second quarter, Happy India Ltd. incurred an inventory loss. The Market price is expected to return to previous levels by the end of the year. At the end of year, the decline had not reversed. When should the loss be reported in interim statement of profit and loss of Happy India Ltd.?Ans: Loss should be recongised in the second quarter of the year.

190. Q 9: Fixed production overheads for the financial year is ` 10,000. Normal expected production for the year, after considering planned maintenance and normal breakdown, also considering the future demand of the product is 2,000 MT. It is considered that there are no quarterly / seasonal variations. Therefore, the normal expected production for each quarter is 500 MT and the fixed production overheads for the quarter are ` 2,500.Actual production achievedQuantity (In MT)First quarter400Second quarter600Third quarter500Fourth quarter400Total1,900Presuming that there are no quarterly / seasonal variation, calculate the allocation of fixed production overheads for all the four quarters as per Ind AS 34 read with Ind AS 2

191. Q 1: Ind as 34 mandates the following in relation to interim financial reportingWhich entities should publish IFRHow frequency it should publichHow soon it should publish after the end of reporting periodNone of the above.

192. Q 2: The standard defines Interim financial report as a financial report for an interim period that contains a set of …… financial statementCompleteCondensedComplete of condensed.None of the above.

193. Ind AS 36: Impairment of Asset

194. Target of Ind AS 36: Impairment of AssetA: Impairment of Individual assetImpairment of individual assetReversal of Impairment lossOut of scopeIndication of impairment Concept of cash flowConcept of fair valueB: Impairment of Group of Assets i.e Cash generating units( CGUs)Impairment of Cash Generating unitsReversal of impairment of CGUsTreatment of GoodwillTreatment of corporate assets/HO AssetsC: Miscellaneous points

195. Target of Ind AS 36: Impairment of AssetA: Impairment of Individual assetImpairment of individual assetAs per Ind AS 36, impairment means reduction in the value of asset. Whenever carrying amount of asset exceeds the recoverable amount, the difference in known as impairment loss.Impairment loss=Carrying amount less Recoverable amount

196. Carrying amountCarrying amount means book value/Balance sheet value of asset after deducting accumulated depreciation & accumulated impairment loss on the date of impairmentRecoverable amount=Net fair value( net of disposal cost) or Value in use( PV of future expected cash flow) Which ever is higher

197. Journal entries in the books of companiesImpairment loss A/c DrTo provision for impairment lossStatement of profit and loss DrTo impairment lossIt may be noted that in future depreciation will be changed on revised carrying amount.

198. (ii) Reversal of impairment loss(!)The increased carrying amount of an asset other then goodwill attributable to a reversal of an impairment loss shall not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortisation or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Any increase in excess of this amount would be a revaluation and would be accounted for under the appropriate Standard (e.g. Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment).(2) A reversal of an impairment loss for an asset other than goodwill is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount in accordance with another Indian Accounting Standard. Any reversal of an impairment loss of a revalued asset shall be treated as a revaluation increase in accordance with that other Indian Accounting Standard.(3) A reversal of an impairment loss on a revalued asset is recognised in other comprehensive income and increases the revaluation surplus for that asset. However, to the extent that an impairment loss on the same revalued asset was previously recognised in profit or loss, a reversal of that impairment loss is also recognised in profit or loss.(4) After a reversal of an impairment loss is recognised, the depreciation (amortisation) charge for the asset is adjusted in future periods to allocate the asset’s revised carrying amount, less its residual value (if any), on a systematic basis over its remaining useful life.

199. Case study 1: Cost of asset on 1/4/2017: Rs. 10000Estimated useful life: 10 yearsSalvage value : NilRecoverable amount as on 31/3/2018-Rs. 7000Recoverable amount as on 31/3/2020-Rs. 9000Calculate impairment loss in 2017-18 and reversal of impairment loss in 2019-20

200. Important noteImpairment loss will be adjusted with revaluation surplus on priority basis and the balances of loss of any will be transferred to statement of profit and loss

201. (iii) Out of scopeAssets out of scope of Ind AS 36Inventories ( Ind AS 2)Investment held for retirement of employees ( Ind AS 19-Employee benefits)Deferred tax assets( Ind AS 12-Income tax)Biological asset measured at Fair value less cost to sell( Ind AS 41)Financial instruments( Ind AS 109)Non current asset held for sale( Ind AS 105)Contract assets ( Ind AS 115)

202. (iv) Indication of Impairment An entity shall assess at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the entity is required to estimate the recoverable amount of the asset. The indication can be divided into the following two categoriesExternal indicators( from market)Internal indicators( judgement of management)

203. External indicatorTechnology changesIncrease in discounting factorLegal restrictions/Government restrictions regarding use of assetDecrease in market price(2) Internal indicatorPhysical damage Poor maintenance policyShortage of skilled staffCash flow is less than expected

204. Important points:Impairment loss will be checked only when indicators exists Indicators does not mean there is always impairment lossThere will be annual test of following three assets whether indicator exist or notGoodwill acquired under business combination ( Ind AS 103)Intangible asset not in useIntangible asset having unlimited useful life.

205. (v) Concept of Cash flow Value in use= Expected cash flowX PV factorCase 1: if cash flow estimate in range says 5000-7000 thenTake average Rs. 6000Case 2: if probability factor is given in Q, then apply that factor while calculating expected cash flow.YearCash flowProbabilityExpected cash flowCash flow 14000060%24000Cash Flow 26000080%48000Cash flow 37000090%63000

206. Case 3: asset located in foreign countryExpected cash flow= Foreign currency cash flow X exchange rate on the date when impairment loss is calculatedCase 4: Projections should cover a maximum period of five years, unless a longer period can be justified.As per Ind AS 36, and enterprises should not estimate cash flow beyond 5 years. It means if useful life of asset is higher than five year then salvage value should also be assumed at the end of five year.If more than 5 year cash flow is given in question, then follow Question

207. Case 5: PV factor should be based on Weighted average cost of capital of company , however if WACC is not available then incremental borrowing rate of company may be taken as discounting factor.

208. (vi) Concept of Fair valueRecoverable amount= net fair value or value in use which ever is higherNet fair valueRecent transaction price ( first preference)Check active marketIf above two not available then ignore net fair value and calculate Recoverable amount on the basis of value in use only.

209. Q 1: Which of the following is not covered by Ind AS 36Deferred tax assetInventoryFinancial assetAll of the above.

210. Q 2: Recoverable amount of an asset of cash generating unit isHigher of fair value less cost of disposal and value in use.Lower of net realizable value and costHigher of fair value and value in useHigher of market value and value in use.

211. Ind AS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

212. CONCEPTSIntroduction of Ind AS 37Scope and out of scopeImportant terms used in Ind AS 37ProvisionsContingent LiabilitiesContingent assetsMiscellanesous points

213. Concept 1: Introduction of Ind AS 37Ind AS 37 deals with recognition/Measurement/Disclosure for the following three:Provisions( related with increase in liabilities and not related with decrease in assets)Contingent liabilities & Contingent assets

214. Concept 2: Scope and out of scope of Ind AS 37Ind AS 37 should be applied by all entities in accounting for provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, except:those resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous; andfinancial instruments (including guarantees) that are within the scope of Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments;those covered by another Standard such as:revenue from contracts with customers covered by Ind AS 115. However, Ind AS 115 contains no specific requirement to address onerous contracts with customers. Hence, Ind AS 37 applies to such cases;income taxes (Ind AS 12, Income Taxes);leases (Ind AS 116, Leases). However, this Standard applies to any lease that becomes onerous before the commencement date of the lease as defined in Ind AS 116. This Standard also applies to short-term leases and leases for which the underlying asset is of low value accounted for in accordance with paragraph 6 of Ind AS 116 and that have become onerous;employee benefits (Ind AS 19, Employee Benefits); andContingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination (Ind AS 103,Business Combinations)(vi) Provisions related with assets eg provision for doubtful debts, provision for depreciation, provisions for impairment etc)

215. Important notes regarding concept 2Executory ContractsExecutory contracts are contracts under whichneither party has performed any of its obligations orboth parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent. Note: Ind AS 37 is applied to executory contracts only if they are onerous. For example, a long- term purchase contract that has a higher unit cost than unit sales price.

216. Example for Executory Contracts: On 1 April 20X2, Company XYZ Limited enters into a contract with Company PQR Limited for the manufacture and delivery of 200 units of component A at five different dates in the future, i.e. 1,000 units are to be delivered in total. Payment is due on delivery of the units. On 1 April 20X2, the contract between Company XYZ Limited and Company PQR Limited is executory because neither party has performed any of its obligations; Company XYZ Limited has not manufactured or delivered any of the units, nor has Company PQR Limited paid for any of them.By 1 June 20X2, Company XYZ Limited has produced and delivered 400 of the units and Company PQR Limited has paid in full for those 400 units. At this date, the contract between Company XYZ Limited and Company PQR Limited continues to be executory because both parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent.By 1 September 20X2, Company XYZ Limited has produced and delivered the full 1000 units, but Company PQR Limited has only paid for 800 units in total. The contract between Company XYZ Limited and Company PQR Limited no longer meets the definition of an executory contract because the two parties have not performed under the terms of the contract to an equal extent. Company PQR Limited is required to recognise a liability for the final 200 units of component A for which it has not yet paid.

217. Onerous contracts: An onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.

218. Concept 3: Important Terms used in Ind AS 37A provision is a liability of uncertain timing & amount(ii) A liability is a present obligation( legal or constructive obligation that is created by obligating event) of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.(iii) An obligating event is an event that creates a legal or constructive obligation that results in an entity having no realistic alternative to settling that obligation.Example for obligative event: X Ltd. entered into a contract with Y Ltd. for supply of some material. As per the terms of contract in case of breach of contract, the party who breaches the contract has to pay Rs. 50,00,000 to other party. X Ltd. breached the contract with Y Ltd. Now in this case the obligating event is the breach of contract that gave rise to present obligation and X Ltd. must settle the obligation.

219. Concept 3: Important Terms used in Ind AS 37(iv) A legal obligation is an obligation that derives from :A contract orLegislation or Other operation of law(v) A constructive obligation is an obligation that derives from an entity’s action where:By an established pattern of past practice , published policies or a sufficient specific current statement , the entity has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities andAs a result, the entity has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities.

220. Example of constructive obligation : X Ltd. is engaged in the manufacture of fertilisers. Effluents discharged in the manufacturing process have polluted the river near the manufacturing plant. The residents of the nearby locality launched a massive agitation against the pollution. X Ltd. agreed to their demands to reduce the water pollution by installing the necessary Effluent Treatment Plant. However, during the year no steps are taken to install the plant. No legislation requiring the company to reduce its pollution is in existence. In this case, though there is no law but by promising to take steps to reduce pollution, X Ltd. has created a valid expectation on the part of public that it will discharge its responsibilities. So the obligation in this case is a constructive obligation.

221. Example of constructive obligation: An entity has prepared a formal plan for a re-organisation involving site closures and redundancies. The plan has been approved by the board at the year end, but the entity will not implement or announce the re-organisation until after the year end. There is no constructive obligation, even if there is an announcement after the entity’s year end but before its financial statements are approved. The announcement is a non-adjusting post balance sheet event and there was no commitment to restructure at the year end. The entity could change its plans completely after the year end.

222. (vi) A contingent liability is:a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity; ora present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:(i) it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or (ii) the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.

223. Example for contingent liabilities: A tax case pending before the court, the liability for payment arising or not in respect of which depends on the outcome of court decision is a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity.

224. (vii) A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity.

225. Example for contingent assets: X Ltd. filed a legal suit against a supplier of goods for compensation against damages on non–supply of contracted goods. This meets the definition of a contingent asset since there is a possible asset (compensation against damages) that arose from past event (contract with the supplier) and whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non- occurrence of uncertain future event not wholly within the control of the entity (i.e., the outcome of the leg suit).

226. Q 1: Provision shall be recognized for future operating lossTrueFalse .

227. Q2: A present obligation under onerous contract shall be recognized and measured asLiabilityProvisionsContingent liabilityexpenses.

228. Ind AS 38: Intangible Assets

229. Target of Ind AS 38: Intangible assetsSeven Test of Intangible AssetOut of ScopeInitial recognitionSubsequent recognitionModel for Presentation AmortizationDisposal of Intangible AssetDisclosuresMiscellaneous point

230. Definition of Intangible AssetsFollowing conditions must be fulfilled to present asset as Intangible asset in the balance sheetWithout physical substance( from definition of IA)Non monetary assetIdentifiableControl by enterprises( definition of asset as per framework)Future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprises( definition of Asset as per framework)Cost can be measured reliably( recognition criteria as per framework)Value should be material( concept of materiality as per Framework)

231. Definition of Intangible assetAn Intangible asset(i) is an identifiable(ii) non-monetary asset(iii) without physical substance(iv).

232. Definition of Intangible assetDefinition of Asset( as per Framework)An asset is a resourceControlled by an entity as a result of past events and From which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity

233. Definition of Intangible assetKey word 1: Without physical substanceSome intangible assets may be contained in or on a physical substance such as a compact disc (in the case of computer software), Pen drive, legal documentation (in the case of a licence or patent) or film. In determining whether an asset that incorporates both tangible and intangible elements should be treated under Ind AS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment, or as an intangible asset under this Standard, an entity uses judgement to assess which element is more significant

234. Definition of Intangible assetKey word 1: Without physical substanceExample: computer software for a computer-controlled machine tool that cannot operate without that specific software is an integral part of the related hardware and it is treated as property, plant and equipment. The same applies to the operating system of a computer. When the software is not an integral part of the related hardware, computer software may be treated as an intangible asset.

235. Definition of Intangible assetKey words 2: Non Monetary AssetsInd AS 38 defines monetary asset and asset which is not monetary is known as non monetary assetMonetary asset( As per Ind As 38-Intangible Asset) are money held and assets to be received in fixed or determinable amounts of money.

236. Definition of Intangible assetKey words 3: IdentifiableAn asset is identifiable if it either:is separable, ie is capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together with a related contract, identifiable asset or liability, regardless of whether the entity intends to do so; orarises from contractual or other legal rights, regardless of whether those rights are transferable or separable from the entity or from other rights and obligations.

237. Definition of Intangible assetQ 1: Sun Ltd has an expertise in the consulting business. In years gone by, the Company gained a 30% market share for its services business and intends to recognizes it as an intangible asset. Is the action by Company justified?Ans: Market share does not meet the definition of intangible assets as is not identifiable i.e. it is neither separable and nor has arisen from contractual or legal rights.

238. Definition of Intangible assetKey words 4: Control by enterprisesControl means( as per Framework): Power to obtain the future economic benefits from asset & Power to restricts the access of other

239. Definition of Intangible assetExample( Control) : In the following no intangible asset can be be recognized as condition of control not fulfilled:Skill of emplyees Training cost for employees for Ind ASSpeicific management or technical talent unless it is protected by legal rights to use it or to obtain the future economic benefitsGood customer relationsGood share in the market

240. Definition of Intangible assetQ 2: Company XYZ ltd has provided training to its staff on various new topics like GST, Ind AS etc. to ensure the compliance as per the required law. Can the company recognise such cost of staff training as intangible asset? Ans: It is clear that the company will obtain the economic benefits from the work performed by the staff as it increases their efficiency. But it does not have control over them because staff could choose to resign the company at any time.Hence the company lacks the ability to restrict the access of others to those benefits. Therefore, the staff training cost does not meet the definition of an intangible asset.

241. Definition of Intangible assetKey words 5: Future Economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprisesFuture Economic Benefits( as per Framework)Future economic benefits includes the following:Revenue from the sale of product generated through use of assetRevenue from rendering services generated through use of assetCost saving ( use of intellectual property in a production process and reduce production cost)Other administrative benifits

242. Definition of Intangible asset Q 3: Pluto Ltd. intends to open a new retail store in a new location in the next few weeks. Pluto Ltd has spent a substantial sum on a series of television advertisements to promote this new store. The Company has paid an amount of Rs. 800,000 for advertisements before 31st March, 20X1. Rs. 700,000 of this sum relates to advertisements shown before 31st March, 20X1 and Rs. 100,000 to advertisements shown in April, 20X1. Since 31st March, 20X1, the Company has paid for further advertisements costing Rs. 400,000.Pluto Ltd is of view that such costs can be carried forward as intangible assets. Since market research indicates that this new store is likely to be highly successful. Please explain and justify the treatment of the above costs in the financial statements for the year ended 31st March, 20X1.

243. Definition of Intangible asset Solution: Under Ind AS 38 – Intangible Assets – intangible assets can only be recognised if they are identifiable and have a cost which can be reliably measured.These criteria are very difficult to satisfy for internally developed intangibles.For these reasons, Ind AS 38 specifically prohibits recognising advertising expenditure as an intangible asset. The issue of how successful the store is likely to be does not affect this prohibition. Therefore, such costs should be recognised as expenses.However, the costs would be recognised on accrual basis. Therefore, of the advertisements paid for before 31st March, 20X1, Rs. 7,00,000 would be recognised as an expense and Rs. 1,00,000 as a pre-payment in the year ended 31st March, 20X1. The Rs. 4,00,000 cost of advertisements paid for since 31st March, 20X1 would be charged as expenses in the year ended 31st March, 20X2.

244. Definition of Intangible asset Key words 6: Cost can be measured reliablySelf generated goodwill not recognized in the books as cost cannot be measured reliablyKey word 7: MaterialityImmaterial item may be charged to the statement of profit and loss

245. If an item within the scope of this Standard does not meet the definition of an intangible asset, expenditure to acquire it or generate it internally is recognised as an expense when it is incurred.

246. (2) Out of ScopeFollowing asset not covered under Ind AS 38IA held for sale in ordinary course of business( tally soft for tally solution pvt ltd- apply Ind AS 2-Inventories)Non current asset held for sale( Ind AS 105: Non current asset held for sale and discontinued operations)Deferred tax assets( Ind AS 12-Income tax)IA generated through lease contracts( Ind AS 116: Leases)Goodwill arising through Business combination( Ind AS 103: Business Combination)Intangible asset covered under Ind AS 19-Employees benefits

247. ((3) Initial recognitionIntangible asset should be measured initially at COSTCost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or constructionHow to calculate cost under following different mode of acquisition of IAPurchase from open marketIn House development of IAIA acquired by exchangeIA acquired through Government Grant

248. IA purchase from open marketFollowing cost shall be capitalize in Intangible assetPurchase price( net of trade discount/volume rebate)Non refundable taxesBrokerage/commission related with acquisitionRegistration feesLegal feesProfessional fees for installation Employee benefit cost( Ind AS 19-employee benefits) arising directly from brining the IA to its working conditionCost of testingany other directly attributable cost of preparing the IA for its intended use

249. IA purchase from open marketFollowing cost shall not be capitalize in Intangible asset but it will be charged to the statement of profit and lossStaff training cost( as no control over staff skills)Advertisement expensesAdministrative/selling/general overheadsAbnormal costStart up cost/Inaugration costCeremony costInitial operating losses due to interruption in production activities on account of training of staff for implementation of Intangible asset. It means these are initial losses at the time of adoption of new technologyBorrowing cost unless criteria of Ind AS 23: Borrowing cost is metFinance charges in case of deferred payment

250. IA purchase from open marketNote on Deferred paymentIf payment for an intangible asset is deferred beyond normal credit terms, then cost of such Intangible asset is the cash price equivalent. The difference between this amount and the total payments is recognised as interest expense over the period of credit unless it is capitalised in accordance with Ind AS 23, Borrowing Costs. Treatment is same as discussed in Ind AS 16: PPE

251. Q 1: Which of the following is not covered with in the scope of ind as 38Intangible asset held for sale in the ordinary course of businessAsset arising from employee benefitsNon current intangible asset held for saleAll of the above.

252. Q 2: Intangible asset is an identifiable ……Non monetary asset with physical substanceMonetary asset without physical substance.Non monetary asset without physical substanceMonetary with physical substance

253. Ind AS 40: Investment Property

254. Target of Ind AS 40: Investment PropertyMeaning of Investment PropertyInitial recognitionSubsequent recognitionModel for Presentation Transfer to/from other Ind ASAmortizationDisposal of Intangible AssetDisclosuresMiscellaneous point

255. Meaning of Investment PropertyInvestment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee as a right-of-use asset) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for:(a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or(b) sale in the ordinary course of business.Property mentioned in (a) above would be covered under Ind AS 16 ‘Property, Plant and Equipment’ and property specified in (b) above would be dealt with under Ind AS 2 ‘Inventories’.

256. Note 1: Examples of Investment propertyBuilding purchase for rental purpose( even if it is not actually rented out it means TO LET board may be displayed.Flat purchase for rental purposeLand purchase for capital appreciation purposeBuilding/Flat purchase for capital appreciation purposeLand held for undetermined purpose( Ind AS-40)Land held for long term capital appreciation rather than for short-term sale in the ordinary course of business.a building owned by the entity (or a right-of-use asset relating to a building held by the entity) and leased out under one or more operating leases.a building that is vacant but is held to be leased out under one or more operating leases.property that is being constructed or developed for future use as investment property.Important note: if you buy a land and you intend to build some production hall for your own purposes , sometime in the future, then this land is not an investment property but treated as owner occupied property . Hence Ind AS 16 will be applicable.

257. Note no 2: applicability of different Ind AS on buildingIf Building is held for use in production/administration/distribution of goods purpose)- then apply Ind AS-16: Property, Plant & EquipmentIf Building is held for sale in ordinary course of business( DLF/Property dealer)- then apply Ind AS-2: InventoriesIf building is held for rental or capital appreciation-then apply Ind AS-40: Investment PropertyIf building which was originally held for rental or capital appreciation and latter on held for sale-Then apply Ind AS-105: Non Current Asset held for sale and discontinued operations

258. (v) If building was given to lessee under operating lease agreement-Then apply Ind AS- 40: Investment property, for recognition and measurement of Building and apply Ind AS-116: Leases for recognition of rental income, apply Ind 36: Impairment of asset for recognition of impairment loss and apply the provisions for Ind AS 16: Property, Plant and equipment for charging depreciation on Building.(vi) If Building was given to lessee under finance lease agreement-then building shall be derecognized in the books of lessor and recognized in the books of Lessee. If lessee held such building for use in business then asset shall be recognized as per the provisions of Ind AS-116:Leases and if lessee held such building as investment property then such building shall be recognized as per the provisions of Ind AS-40.

259. (vii) If Building held for rental then apply Ind AS-40: Investment Property and if Other asset eg plant and machinery/Furniture held for rental then apply Ind AS-16: Property, Plant & Equipment.(viii) Building occupied by employees as residential house whether or not the employees pay rent at market rates( Ind AS 16)(ix) Building held for undermined purpose( Ind AS 40) (x) Building constructed by the contractor on behalf of contractee ( Ind AS 115: Revenue from contract with customers)

260. Important points regarding meaning of Investment propertyNature of Investment propertyInvestment property is held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both. Therefore, an investment property generates cash flows largely independent of the other assets held by an entity. This distinguishes investment property from owner-occupied property. Owner-occupied property is property held (by the owner or by the lessee as a right-of-use asset) for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes.Ind AS 16 ‘Property, Plant and Equipment’ applies to owner-occupied property and Ind AS 116 ‘Leases’ applies to owner-occupied property held by a lessee as a right-of-use asset.

261. This distinguishes investment property from owner-occupied property. Accordingly, investment properties could represent a cash generating unit since they generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of assets, thus meeting the definition of cash generating unit laid down in Ind AS 36, ‘Impairment of Assets’.

262. (2) Property held for more than one purposeIn circumstances when property is held partly for capital appreciation and/or rentals, and partly for production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes, the two parts are accounted for separately if they could be sold, or leased out separately under a finance lease, separately. If they could not be sold (or leased out under a finance lease) separately, the property is accounted for as an investment property only if an insignificant portion is held for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purpose.

263. Example 1: Sun Ltd owns a building having 15 floors of which it uses 5 floors for its office; the remaining 10 floors are leased out to tenants under operating leases. According to law company could sell legal title to the 10 floors while retaining legal title to the other 5 floors.In the given scenario, the remaining 10 floors should be classified as investment property since they are able to split the title between the floors.

264. Example 2: Moon Ltd uses 35% of the office floor space of the building as its head office. It leases the remaining 65% to tenants, but it is unable to sell the tenant’s space or to enter into finance leases related solely to it.Therefore, the company should not classify the property as an investment property as the 35% of the floor space used by the company is significant. So the property should be classified as owner occupied property ( PPE) and Ind AS 16 will be applicable

265. Example 3: An entity owns a hotel, which includes a health and fitness centre, housed in a separate building that is part of the premises of the entire hotel. The owner operates the hotel and other facilities on the hotel with the exception of the health and fitness centre, which can be sold or leased out under a finance lease. The health and fitness centre will be leased to an independent operator. The entity has no further involvement in the health and fitness centre. In this scenario, management should classify the hotel and other facilities as property, plant and equipment in accordance with Ind AS 16 and the health and fitness centre as investment property under Ind AS 40.If the health and fitness centre could not be sold or leased out separately on a finance lease, then because the owner-occupied portion is not insignificant, the whole property would be treated as an owner-occupied property.

266. (3) Ancillary servicesIf ancillary services are provided by an owner to the tenant( ie securities, repairs etc) then it will not effect on classification of Property but this concept shall not be applied on building held for hotel business. It means that land and building of hotel may be classified as a PPE. In some cases, an entity provides ancillary services to the occupants of a property it holds. An entity treats such a property as investment property if the services are insignificant to the arrangement as a whole. An example is when the owner of an office building provides security and maintenance services to the lessees who occupy the building.

267. In other cases, the services provided are significant. For example, if an entity owns and manages a hotel, services provided to guests are significant to the arrangement as a whole. Therefore, an owner-managed hotel is owner-occupied property, rather than investment property.

268. Difficulty in deciding classification under investment propertyIt may be difficult to determine whether ancillary services are so significant that a property does not qualify as investment property. For example, the owner of a hotel sometimes transfers some responsibilities to third parties under a management contract. The terms of such contracts vary widely. At one end of the spectrum, the owner’s position may, in substance, be that of a passive investor. At the other end of the spectrum, the owner may simply have outsourced day-to-day functions while retaining significant exposure to variation in the cash flows generated by the operations of the hotel. Judgement is needed to determine whether a property qualifies as investment property.

269. (4) Property leased to other group members – treatment of same asset differently in the individual financial statements and the consolidated financial statementsIn some cases, an entity owns property that is leased to, and occupied by, its parent or another subsidiary. The property does not qualify as investment property in the consolidated financial statements, because the property is owner-occupied from the perspective of the group. However, from the perspective of the entity that owns it, the property is investment property if it meets the definition of Investment Property. Therefore, the lessor treats the property as investment property in its individual financial statements. We can apply Ind AS 40 in CFS also only when property is given to third party on rent( ie sub let to third party)

270. Q 1: Owner occupied property is property held for use in theProduction of goods or servicesSupply of goods or servicesAdministrative purposeAll of the above

271. Q 2: What is the key characteristics that distinguish the investment property from owner occupied propertyProperty held for sale in ordinary course of businessProperty held to earn rental of capital appreciation.Property classified as held for saleProperty held for use in production or supply of goods or services or from administrative purpose

272. Ind AS 41: Agriculture

273. Target of Ind AS 40: Investment PropertyIntroduction and coverage of Ind AS 41Out of scopeInitial recognition and subsequent measurementGovernment Grant for Biological assetsDisclosure

274. Coverage of Ind AS 41-AgricultureBiological assetsAgriculture produceGovernment Grant for Biological asset and agriculture produce

275. (i) Biological assetAs per Ind AS 41, Biological asset means a living plant or a living animal except bearer plant which are already covered under Ind AS 16-Property, Plant and Equipment

276. Living plants- Cotton plant, tobacco plant, Sugarcane plant, wheat plant, rice plant, timber plant- Covered under Ind AS 41Living animals: Cow diary farm, sheep, poultry farms etc-Covered under Ind AS-41Bearer plant-Apple tree, Mango tree, Grape vines, tea bushes, rubber trees-Covered under Ind AS-16

277. Bearer plant may be defined as a living plant that:i. is used in the production or supply of agricultural produce;is expected to bear produce for more than one period; andhas a remote likelihood of being sold as agricultural produce, except for incidental scrap sales.For example, tea bushes, grape vines and rubber trees, usually meet the definition of a bearer plant and are outside the scope of Ind AS 41 and covered under Ind AS 16.However, produce growing on bearer plant is a biological asset which is covered under Ind AS 41

278. 2. Out of Scope: Ind AS 41 does not apply to:land related to agricultural activity : for example, the land on which the biological assets grow, regenerate and/or degenerate (Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment and Ind AS 40 Investment Property);bearer plants related to agricultural activity. Such bearer plants covered within the scope of Ind AS 16, Property, plant and Equipment as accounted as per the provisions of that standard. However, this Standard applies to the produce on those bearer plants.government grants related to bearer plants (Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance).intangible assets associated with the agricultural activity, for example licenses and rights are covered under Ind AS 38 Intangible Assets and provisions of this standard will be applicable.right-of-use assets arising from a lease of land related to agricultural activity (Ind AS 116, Leases).This Standard is applied to agricultural produce, which is the harvested product of the entity’s biological assets, only at the point of harvest. Thereafter, Ind AS 2 or another applicable Standard is applied.

279. Important note: It may be noted Ind AS 41 is not applicable on asset which are being used for generating biological asset eg land used for crops, Building shed for animals, other asset used for agriculture activities

280. The table below provides examples of biological assets, agricultural produce, and products that are the result of processing after harvest:Biological assetsAgricultural produceProducts that are the result of processing after harvest these are not agriculture produce hence Ind AS 41 is not applicable. Apply Ind AS 2-InventorySheepWool carpetCotton plantCottonClothDairy CattleMilkCheesePigsCarcass/Dead bodyNon veg food productSugarcaneHarvested caneSugarTobacco plantsPicked leavesCured tobaccoTea bushesPicked leavesTeaGrape vinesPicked grapesWineFruit treesPicked fruitProcessed fruit

281. Agricultural produce is the harvested product of the entity’s biological assets.Harvest is the detachment of produce from a biological asset or the cessation of a biological asset’s life processes.It may be noted that harvested product is under the scope of Ind AS 41 but subsequent processing is not covered under Ind AS 41. the subsequent processing will be dealt as per Ind AS 2-Inventory. Fair value less cost to sell will be the cost for the purpose of Ind AS 2.

282. 3: Initial Recognition and subsequent measurementRules from Framework: Entities are required to recognise a biological asset or agricultural produce when, and only when, all of the following conditions are met:(i) the entity controls the asset as a result of past events;Control over biological assets or agricultural produce may be evidenced by legal ownership or rights to control, for example legal ownership of cattle and the branding or otherwise marking of the cattle on acquisition, birth, or weaning.(ii) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the entity; andFuture economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise from its ownership or control of the asset. The future benefits are normally assessed by measuring the significant physical attributes.(iii) the fair value or cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

283. Rules for Initial Recognition and Subsequent MeasurementCase 1: Living animals eg Cow, sheep, HenAs per Ind AS 41, initial recognition of an animal should be made at Net fair value( after deducting cost of sale) except for the case where the fair value cannot be measured reliably.Journal entryAnimal Dr( with net fair value) To Bank/Liability( purchase price plus directly attributable expenses)Difference will be transferred to profit and loss.It may be noted that in case of birth of calves Calves Dr( with net fair value)To profit and loss( with net fair value)

284. Rules for Initial Recognition and Subsequent MeasurementCase 1: Living animals eg Cow, sheep, HenThere is a presumption that fair value can be measured reliably for a biological asset. In the following cases biological asset should be measured at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses in accordance with Ind AS 2, Ind AS 16 and Ind AS 36:quoted market prices are not available for the biological assets and;alternative fair value measurements are determined to be clearly unreliable.Once the fair value of such a biological asset becomes reliably measurable, an entity shall measure it at its Fair value less costs to sell.The presumption can be rebutted only on initial recognition. An entity that has previously measured a biological asset at its fair value less costs to sell continues to measure the biological asset at its fair value less costs to sell until disposal.In all cases, an entity measures agricultural produce at the point of harvest at its fair value less costs to sell. This Standard reflects the view that the fair value of agricultural produce at the point of harvest can always be measured reliably.

285. Rules for Initial Recognition and Subsequent MeasurementAgricultural produce harvested from an entity’s biological assets should be measured at its fair value less costs to sell at the point of harvest. Such measurement is the cost at that date when applying Ind AS 2 or another applicable Standard.The fair value less cost to sell of a biological asset can change due to both physical changes and price changes in the market.Entities often enter into contacts to sell their biological assets or agricultural produce at a future date. Contract prices are not necessarily relevant in measuring fair value, because fair value reflects the current market conditions in which market participant buyers and sellers would enter into a transaction. As a result, the fair value of a biological asset or agricultural produce is not adjusted because of the existence of a contract.

286. Fair Value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (The definition of Fair value is as given in Ind AS 113, Fair Value Measurement)Costs to sell are the incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset, excluding finance costs and income taxes.

287. Subsequent measurementAt the balance sheet date, we should disclose the animals in the balance sheet at Net fiar value( ie net of cost to sell). The difference between net fair value at initial recognition and net fair value at balance sheet date, will be transferred to profit and loss as change in fair value.Journal entryAnimal DrTo Fair value changeFair value change To profit and lossOrFair value change To animalProfit and lossTo fair value changeNo concept of OCI under Ind AS 41No Depreciation will be changed as fair valuation principle adopted

288. Important note: Change in fair value classificationPrice change( Net Fair value current less Net fair value old)Physical change ie age factor ( Total change in fair value less price change)X ltd purchase two year old cow for Rs. 10000 on dated 1/4/2020 at net fair valueNet fair value of cow on dated 31/3/21-Rs. 12000,Total change in fair value Rs. 2000, we need to disclose the above two changes in following two partsPrice changePhysical change( b/f) We have to check the net fair value of two year old cow on dated 31/3/2021 assume it is Rs. 10500, so the price change is Rs. 500( Rs. 10500 less Rs. 10000). So the physical change is Rs. 1500

289. Case 2-Recognition of Agriculture produceInitial recognitionEg wool detached from sheep on dated 26/8/20. The journal entry on 26/8/20 will be Agriculture produce( eg wool /Inventory of agriculture produce-At net fair value at the time of harvestTo profit and loss( ii) Subsequent measurementAs per Ind AS 2-Inventory- Cost or NRV which ever is lessImportant note: all the expenses which are incurred for growth and routine maintainance of biological asset shall be written off in profit and loss eg Pesticides , fertilizer , seeds, food for animals, labour cost etc.

290. Special case for Calves etc Initial recognition at the time of birth of Calve –at net fair valueCalves A/c Dr To profit and lossSuppose Net fair value of calve on the date of birth says on dated 12/10/2020 Rs. 5000 and net fair value on the balance sheet date ie on 31st march 2021 is Rs. 6000Calves A/c DrTo Changes in fair value( through Profit and loss)Changes in fair value DrTo profit and lossNo need to calculate price change and physical change in above case

291. Case no 3: If Biological asset is a plant( crops, sugarcane plant, tobacco plant etc)Same rules shall be followed as discussed for agriculture produceMeans initial recognition at the time of harvest-AT Net Fair valueInventory Account DrTo profit and lossOn balance sheet dateMeasured at cost or NRV which ever is less, and transfer the difference initial recognition at the time of harvesting and subsequent measurement at the time of balance sheet , to the statement of profit and loss

292. Concept no 4: Treatment of Government GrantCase 1: Unconditional Grant- An unconditional government grant related to a biological asset measured at its fair value less costs to sell shall be recognised in profit or loss when, and only when, the government grant becomes receivable.Case 2: Conditional Grant: If a government grant related to a biological asset measured at its fair value less costs to sell is conditional, including when a government grant requires an entity not to engage in specified agricultural activity, an entity shall recognise the government grant in profit or loss when, and only when, the conditions attaching to the government grant are met.Terms and conditions of government grants vary. For example, a grant may require an entity to farm in a particular location for five years and require the entity to return the entire grant if it farms for a period shorter than five years. In this case, the grant is not recognised in profit or loss until the five years have passed. However, if the terms of the grant allow part of it to be retained according to the time elapsed, the entity recognises that part in profit or loss as time passes.If a government grant relates to a Biological Asset measured at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses i.e. (i.e. inability to measure fair value reliably), Ind AS 20 is applied.

293. Example: Sun Ltd cultivated a huge plot of land. The government offers a grant of ` 10 crore under the condition that the land is being cultivated for 5 years. If the land will be cultivated for a shorter period, the entity is required to return the entire grant.Therefore, the government grant will be recognised as income only after 5 years of cultivation. The situation would be different if the returning obligation referred to the years of not cultivating the land is with respect to retention of grant for the period till which the entity has cultivated the land. In this case, the amount of ` 10 crore would be recognised as income, proportionately with the time period, meaning ` 2 crore per annum.

294. Concept 5: disclosuresIf fair value is applied for valuation of biological asset and agriculture produce, then thee method to determined the fair value should be specified.If fair value is not applied then reasons for the same should be disclosedTotal Gain/loss from changes in fair value should be reportedReconciliation statement between opening balance and closing balance of Biological assets( animals, plants) and agriculture produce by showing addition, disposal etc should be disclosedPolicy for accounting of Government Grant should also be disclosed.

295. Q 1: Which of the following is not dealt with by ind AS 41Biological assetsAgricultural produce at the point of harvestGovernment grant related to biological assetsAgricultural produce after harvest.

296. Q 2: Accounting for bearer plant is governed by …… and accounting of produce on bearer plant is governed by …..Ind AS 2 and Ind AS 16Ind AS 16 and Ind AS 41Ind AS 16 and Ind AS 2Ind AS 41 and Ind AS 2