/
0 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 0 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

0 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling - PowerPoint Presentation

celsa-spraggs
celsa-spraggs . @celsa-spraggs
Follow
436 views
Uploaded On 2016-09-11

0 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling - PPT Presentation

Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly An axon that is 1 long 2 short 3 wide 4 thin 5 myelinated 6 nonmyelinated ID: 464728

opiate naloxone concentration axon naloxone opiate axon concentration binding channels blocked receptors morphine muscle tissue neuron membrane drugs mammalian methadone intestinal neurotransmitter

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "0 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

0

Neurons, Synapses, and SignalingSlide2

Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly? An axon that is

1. long.

2. short. 3. wide. 4. thin. 5. myelinated. 6. nonmyelinated.

1, 3, and 5

1, 3, and 6

1, 4, and 6

2, 3, and 5

2, 4, and 6Slide3

Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly? An axon that is

1. long.

2. short. 3. wide. 4. thin. 5. myelinated. 6. nonmyelinated.

1, 3, and 5

1, 3, and 6

1, 4, and 6

2, 3, and 5

2, 4, and 6Slide4

In a typical motor neuron, what is the correct sequence in which these structures usually become involved in transmitting an electrical current?

1. cell body

2. axon 3. axon hillock 4. dendrites 5. synaptic terminals4, 1, 3, 2, 5

5, 4, 1, 3, 2

4, 3, 1, 2, 5

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

4, 1, 2, 3, 5Slide5

In a typical motor neuron, what is the correct sequence in which these structures usually become involved in transmitting an electrical current?

1. cell body

2. axon 3. axon hillock 4. dendrites 5. synaptic terminals4, 1, 3, 2, 5

5, 4, 1, 3, 2

4, 3, 1, 2, 5

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

4, 1, 2, 3, 5Slide6

Which gradient(s) is/are directly responsible for producing membrane potentials? 1. concentration gradient

2. pressure gradient

3. partial pressure gradient 4. electrical gradient1 only1 and 42 and 3

1, 3, and 4

all fourSlide7

Which gradient(s) is/are directly responsible for producing membrane potentials? 1. concentration gradient

2. pressure gradient

3. partial pressure gradient 4. electrical gradient1 only1 and 42 and 3

1, 3, and 4

all fourSlide8

How many of these statements about hyperpolarization of a neuron is/are true? When hyperpolarization occurs, 1. membrane potential is more negative than during resting potential.

2. membrane potential is closer to

EK than it is to ENa. 3. K

+

and/or

Cl

channels are open.

4. if it occurs in a downstream neuron, IPSPs are more likely to be generated than are EPSPs.

5. generation of action potentials is less likely to occur.

only one statement

two statements

three statements

four statements

all five statementsSlide9

How many of these statements about hyperpolarization of a neuron is/are true? When hyperpolarization occurs, 1. membrane potential is more negative than during resting potential.

2. membrane potential is closer to

EK than it is to ENa. 3. K

+

and/or

Cl

channels are open.

4. if it occurs in a downstream neuron, IPSPs are more likely to be generated than are EPSPs.

5. generation of action potentials is less likely to occur.

only one statement

two statements

three statements

four statements

all five statementsSlide10

Resting potential is mostly due to ion movements through which two of the following? 1. Na

+

/K+ pumps 2. voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels 3. ligand-gated Na+ and K

+

channels

4. voltage-gated Ca

2

+

channels

5. Na

+

and K

+

leak channels

1 and 2

1 and 3

1 and 5

2 and 3

4 and 5Slide11

Resting potential is mostly due to ion movements through which two of the following? 1.

Na

+/K+ pumps 2. voltage-gated Na+ and K

+

channels

3. ligand-gated

Na

+

and

K

+

channels

4. voltage-gated

Ca

2

+

channels 5. Na+ and K+ leak channels

1 and 2

1 and 3

1 and 5

2 and 3

4 and 5Slide12

What is the correct sequence in which the following events occur, leading to the cessation of acetylcholine (ACh) stimulation of downstream skeletal muscle cells?

1. migration of synaptic vesicles ceases

2. ACh release from presynaptic membrane ceases 3. hydrolysis of last ACh molecules in synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane 4. removal of Ca2

+

from synaptic terminals

5. action potentials along motor neuron cease

1, 5, 4, 2, 3

5, 1, 4, 2, 3

4, 2, 3, 5, 1

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

5, 4, 1, 2, 3Slide13

What is the correct sequence in which the following events occur, leading to the cessation of acetylcholine (ACh) stimulation of downstream skeletal muscle cells?

1. migration of synaptic vesicles ceases

2. ACh release from presynaptic membrane ceases 3. hydrolysis of last ACh molecules in synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane 4. removal of Ca2

+

from synaptic terminals

5. action potentials along motor neuron cease

1, 5, 4, 2, 3

5, 1, 4, 2, 3

4, 2, 3, 5, 1

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

5, 4, 1, 2, 3Slide14

If an axon cannot perform

saltatory

conduction, then what is probably true of this axon?It has fewer voltage-gated Na+ channels than an axon that can perform saltatory conduction.

It lacks an effective myelin sheath.

It is associated with either Schwann cells or

oligodendrocytes

.

It has multiple nodes of Ranvier.

It generates fewer action potentials, and requires less ATP, than an axon of equal length that

can

perform

saltatory

conduction.Slide15

If an axon cannot perform

saltatory

conduction, then what is probably true of this axon?It has fewer voltage-gated Na+ channels than an axon that can perform saltatory conduction.

It lacks an effective myelin sheath.

It is associated with either Schwann cells or

oligodendrocytes

.

It has multiple nodes of Ranvier.

It generates fewer action potentials, and requires less ATP, than an axon of equal length that

can

perform

saltatory

conduction.Slide16

Which is most directly involved in causing neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane?

Na

+K+Cl+Ca2

+

large,

proteinaceous

anionsSlide17

Which is most directly involved in causing neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane?

Na

+K+Cl+Ca

2

+

large,

proteinaceous

anionsSlide18

If a single type of neurotransmitter, released simultaneously by many different neurons onto the same downstream neuron, causes far more K

+

channels than Na+ channels to open in this downstream neuron, then which of the following should occur as a result? 1. spatial summation 2. temporal summation 3. depolarization

4. hyperpolarization

5. IPSPs

6. EPSPs

1, 3, and 6

1, 4, and 5

1, 4, and 6

2, 4, and 6

2, 3, and 5Slide19

If a single type of neurotransmitter, released simultaneously by many different neurons onto the same downstream neuron, causes far more K

+

channels than Na+ channels to open in this downstream neuron, then which of the following should occur as a result? 1. spatial summation 2. temporal summation 3. depolarization

4. hyperpolarization

5. IPSPs

6. EPSPs

1, 3, and 6

1, 4, and 5

1, 4, and 6

2, 4, and 6

2, 3, and 5Slide20

a) acetylcholine—a biogenic

amine that affects sleep, mood, attention and

learningb) glutamate—an amino acid and the most common neurotransmitter in the CNSc) norepinephrine—an excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

d

) substance P—a

neuropeptide, excitatory neurotransmitter that mediates pain

perception

e

) nitric oxide—a

gaseous neurotransmitter that works like a

hormone

Which of the following neurotransmitters is incorrectly matched with its definition

?Slide21

a) acetylcholine—a biogenic

amine that affects sleep, mood, attention and

learningb) glutamate—an amino acid and the most common neurotransmitter in the CNSc) norepinephrine—an excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

d

) substance P—a

neuropeptide, excitatory neurotransmitter that mediates pain

perception

e

) nitric oxide—a

gaseous neurotransmitter that works like a

hormone

Which of the following neurotransmitters is incorrectly matched with its definition

?Slide22

Scientific Skills Exercises

The data from this experiment are expressed using scientific notation: a numerical factor times a power of 10. Remember that a negative power of 10 means a number less than 1. For example, the concentration 10

–1

 

M

 (molar) can also be written as 0.1 

M

.Slide23

a) 0.000000006

 

M

b) 0.00000002

 

M

c) 0.000006

 

M

d) 0.000009

 

M

What is the lowest concentration of morphine that blocked naloxone binding, in standard notation

?Slide24

a) 0.000000006

 

M

b) 0.00000002

 

M

c) 0.000006

 

M

d) 0.000009

 

M

What is the lowest concentration of morphine that blocked naloxone binding, in standard notation

?Slide25

no

effect at 0.0001 

M

no

effect at 0.0004 

M

c) no

effect at 0.001 

M

d) no

effect at 10,000 

M

What result did the researchers obtain for atropine, in standard notation

?Slide26

no

effect at 0.0001 

M

no

effect at 0.0004 

M

c) no

effect at 0.001 

M

d) no

effect at 10,000 

M

What result did the researchers obtain for atropine, in standard notation

?Slide27

Phenobarbital’s

concentration is 2,000 times higher

.

b) Phenobarbital’s concentration is 500 times higher.

c) Phenobarbital’s

concentration is 5,000 times higher.

d) Methadone’s

concentration

is 20,000

times higher.

Compare the concentrations for methadone

(

×

 10

–8

 

M

) and phenobarbital (10

–4

 

M

). Which concentration is higher and by how much? Slide28

Phenobarbital’s

concentration is 2,000 times higher

.

b) Phenobarbital’s concentration is 500 times higher.

c) Phenobarbital’s

concentration is 5,000 times higher.

d) Methadone’s

concentration

is 20,000

times higher.

Compare the concentrations for methadone

(

×

 10

–8

 

M

) and phenobarbital (10

–4

 

M

). Which concentration is higher and by how much? Slide29

a) morphine

, methadone, and serotonin only

b) morphine

, methadone, and

levorphanol

only

c) morphine

, methadone,

levorphanol

, phenobarbital, atropine, and serotonin

d) morphine

and methadone only

Which drugs blocked naloxone binding in this experiment? Slide30

a) morphine

, methadone, and serotonin only

b) morphine

, methadone, and

levorphanol

only

c) morphine

, methadone,

levorphanol

, phenobarbital, atropine, and serotonin

d) morphine

and methadone only

Which drugs blocked naloxone binding in this experiment? Slide31

a) All

of these drugs would have blocked naloxone binding at 10

–5

 

M

.

It

is impossible to tell from the data

.

c) None

of these drugs would have blocked naloxone binding at 10

–5

 

M

.

d) Phenobarbital

would have blocked naloxone binding at

10

–5

 

M

, but atropine and serotonin would not have.

Would phenobarbital, atropine, or serotonin have blocked naloxone binding at a concentration of 10

–5

 

M

?Slide32

a) All

of these drugs would have blocked naloxone binding at 10

–5

 

M

.

It

is impossible to tell from the data

.

c) None

of these drugs would have blocked naloxone binding at 10

–5

 

M

.

d) Phenobarbital

would have blocked naloxone binding at

10

–5

 

M

, but atropine and serotonin would not have.

Would phenobarbital, atropine, or serotonin have blocked naloxone binding at a concentration of 10

–5

 

M

?Slide33

a) They

are specific for the non-opiate drugs used in the experiment.

b) They

are specific for opiate drugs.

They

are specific for morphine.

d) They

are specific for both opiate and non-opiate drugs.

Morphine, methadone, and

levorphanol

blocked naloxone binding in this experiment. What do these results indicate about the brain receptors for naloxone

?Slide34

a) They

are specific for the non-opiate drugs used in the experiment.

b) They

are specific for opiate drugs.

They

are specific for morphine.

d) They

are specific for both opiate and non-opiate drugs.

Morphine, methadone, and

levorphanol

blocked naloxone binding in this experiment. What do these results indicate about the brain receptors for naloxone

?Slide35

a) There

are 

no

 opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue.

b) There

may be opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue. Further experiments are needed to be sure.

c) There

are opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue.

d) There

are no naloxone receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue, but there are opiate receptors

.

When the researchers repeated the experiment using tissue from mammalian intestinal muscles rather than brains, they found no naloxone binding. What does this result suggest about opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue

?Slide36

a) There

are 

no

 opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue.

b) There

may be opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue. Further experiments are needed to be sure.

c) There

are opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue.

d) There

are no naloxone receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue, but there are opiate receptors

.

When the researchers repeated the experiment using tissue from mammalian intestinal muscles rather than brains, they found no naloxone binding. What does this result suggest about opiate receptors in mammalian intestinal muscle tissue

?