APUSH Review: Spanish, English, French, and Dutch Colonizat - PowerPoint Presentation

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APUSH Review: Spanish, English, French, and Dutch Colonization

Everything You Need To Know About European Colonization To Succeed In APUSHSlide2

Periods 1 and 2

Much of these periods focus on European exploration and their impact on the Americas

This is a GREAT potential short answer/essay topic

Big Idea Questions:

What were similarities and differences among the European powers?

What impacts did each power have on North America and its inhabitants?Slide3

European Exploration

Reasons For:

Wealth, power and status, spread of Christianity

3 Gs (Gold, Glory, God)

Technological improvements

Sextant, caravel Interactions with Natives:Many (most) Europeans saw Natives as “uncivilized”Differences over land “ownership,” family and gender roles, and religion led to conflicts between Europeans and NativesSlide4

Spanish Colonization

Spain became the early European leader in exploration - settled in South America and SW US

Spain sought

precious metals

(gold and silver)

Spanish Conquistadores:Hernan Cortes - Tenochtitlan, 1519, conquered the Aztecs due to advanced weapons and diseaseFrancisco Pizarro - conquered the Incas in PeruThe Columbian Exchange - transfer of goods, people, and diseases across the Atlantic**

Impacts on the Americas**?

Disease decreased Native populations drastically; livestock and guns altered hunting and warfare

**

Impact on Europe**?New crops (potatoes, maize) increased the population; increased wealth led to capitalism and decline of feudalismSlide5

Spanish Colonization Cont.

Spanish colonial societies

Sought

tight control

from the crown and wanted to

convert many Natives Most Spanish settlers were men, leading to racially mixed populations with the NativesEmergence of a caste system:Mestizo - mixed Spanish and Native ancestry

Mullato - mixed Spanish and African ancestry

Encomienda System

:

Royal land grants to Spanish settlers; promise to Christianize Natives on the land and gain tribute from the NativesEventually replaced by African slave laborSlide6

Spanish Colonization Cont.

Debates over how Natives should be treated

: (16th century)

Juan de Sepulveda

Argued harsh treatment of Natives was justified

Bartolome de Las CasasAdvocated for better treatment of NativesHelped lead to the decline of the Encomienda SystemWritings introduced the idea of the “Black Legend” - Spain was a brutal colonizer that exploited NativesPueblo Revolt

: (1680)Pueblo Indians (New Mexico) successfully rid the Spanish for over 10 years

After Spain regained control, they became more accommodating of Native cultureSlide7

English Colonization

1st permanent settlement was Jamestown in 1607

Settled along the Atlantic in the present-day US and Caribbean

Applied many of the same tactics used in Ireland towards the Natives

Seen as “savages,” excluded from English settlements

England sent large amounts of men AND women to colonies, focused on agriculture, and had hostile relationships with NativesSlide8

English Colonization Cont.

New England Colonies

(Massachusetts, Rhode Island):

Puritans - community of like-minded believers

(“City upon a hill”),

focused on agriculture and commerceThose that were not “like-minded believers” were outcasts - Roger Williams, Anne HutchinsonMiddle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York):Most diverse religiously, ethnically, and demographically

of English coloniesMany immigrants from Europe, religiously tolerant, Pennsylvania - William Penn’s “Holy Experiment”

Southern Colonies

:

Chesapeake (Maryland and Virginia) and North Carolina - focused on tobacco, initially used indentured servants, later African slavery

(post Bacon’s Rebellion)

South Carolina and the West Indies -

focused on rice and sugar, slaves made up most of the population

Colonies had some form of representative assembly Slide9

English Colonization Cont.

England promoted

mercantilism

:

Idea that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

Provide raw materials and marketsFocused on controlling balance of trade - more gold and silver should flow into the country than outNavigation Acts - allowed for colonies to trade ONLY with EnglandMany colonists resisted these acts and smuggledSlide10

French Colonization

Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608 (1 year after Jamestown)

Most of the colonists were men

Like Spain, France accepted intermarriage (metis)

Focused on fur trade with Natives - friendly relations with Natives

Coureurs des bois - French “runners of the woods”New France had a governor-general that ruled and was appointed in ParisNo representative assemblySlide11

French Colonization

Relations with Natives:

Did not take a substantial amount of Native land (like English)

Did not force them into slavery (like Spanish)

Christian Indians were allowed to have a lot of autonomy (independence)

Many Natives were killed by diseases Slide12

Dutch Colonization

Henry Hudson of the Dutch East India Company reached NY in 1609

The Dutch established trade posts in NY - Manhattan and Albany

Like the French, the Dutch sent few Europeans to settle and formed alliances and intermarried with Natives

The Dutch created the joint-stock company - pooling $ together and sharing the profits and losses of voyages - helped lead to modern capitalism

New Netherland - dominated the Atlantic slave tradeMarried women retained rights when married (unlike English women who lost land)Some religious toleration - privately, not publiclySlide13

Test Tips

Multiple-Choice and Short Answer:

Reasons for European exploration (3 Gs, technological improvements)

Characteristics of European colonies (know the characteristics of British colonies - New England, Middle, Southern)

Impacts of contact on Natives AND Europeans (Columbian Exchange)

Essays:Comparing and contrasting characteristics/goalsBritish - large numbers of men AND women, agriculture, and hostile relations with NativesFrench - sent fewer Europeans, focused on trade alliances with NativesSynthesis Point:

Creating political, social, economic categories if

NOT

prompted to do so

Connecting AND EXPLAINING (2-3 sentences) to another time periodThe arguments used by Europeans to justify colonization included spreading Christianity. This is a similar argument that was used by some Americans that sought to spread Christianity in Asia in the late 19th, early 20th centuries after the US acquired land in the Spanish-American War.Slide14

That’s It!

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