Unit Three Age of Exploration and the Commercial Revolution Ca 14141700 Age of Exploration and Conquest Causes Motives Gold glory and gold were the primary motives Crusades sparked an interest in Asia ID: 526177
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Slide1
AP TEST REVIEWUnit Three
Age of Exploration and the Commercial Revolution
Ca. 1414-1700Slide2
Age of Exploration and Conquest
Causes (Motives)
“Gold, glory, and gold” were the primary motives
Crusades sparked an interest in Asia
Rise of “New Monarchs” results in a competition for economic and political power
Conquest of Constantinople provides an opportunity to open the Atlantic
Impact of Renaissance
Rediscovery of ancient texts, insatiable curiosity, and critical intellectual advancementsSlide3
Age of Exploration and Conquest
Causes (Means)
Advances in cartography
Ptolemy’s Geography
Portulans
Mercator’s Map
Technological advances facilitated sea travel
Advances in astronomy helped in charting locations at sea
Crucial Instruments
Magnetic compass
Quadrant – used to determine latitude
Astrolabe – replaces the quadrant
Ships
Caravel – Lateen sails, axial rudder, gunpowder and cannons
Early Stages of Commercial Revolution
Provided the capital necessary for overseas exploration and conquestSlide4
Portuguese ExplorationMotives
Economic
Sought to control the West African gold trade
Sought an all-water route to Asian spice islands
Religious
Sought to find the mythical PRESTER JOHN!
Political
PRESTER JOHN would provide an alliance against the MuslimsSlide5
Major Portuguese Figures
Prince Henry the Navigator
Set up a school to train explorers
Financed expeditions along the West African coast
Bartholomew Dias
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488
Vasco
da
Gama
Sailed around Africa to India in 1498
Replaced the Italians as the gateway for Asian spices into Europe
Amerigo
Vespucci
Explored Brazil and provided the name for the New WorldSlide6
SPANISH EXPLORATION
Spain
will develop
the largest
overseas
empire during the 16
th
century.
Columbus: 1492: Sailed to find a water route to India but landed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Sailed to Cuba
Three more voyages brought Spanish colonization to the Caribbean region
.
Significance:
Ushered in an era of European exploration and domination of the AmericasSlide7
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Provisions:
Pope Leo V divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
Portugal received Brazil, Africa, and control of the
Asiento
(Atlantic slave trade)
Spain received the western part of the AmericasSlide8
SPANISH EXPLORATION
Ponce de Leon: 1512: Landed in Florida looking for gold and the fountain of youth--found neither.
Coronado: explored SW US
Balboa: discovered the Pacific Ocean by crossing the Isthmus of
Panama
Magellan: 1519: Tried to circumnavigate the globe. He was killed in the Philippines, but one of his ships made it to India and back to Spain. 3 year journeySlide9
SPANISH Conquistadors
Cortes: Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico (captured Montezuma)
Pizzaro
: conquered the Incas of Peru
.
Significance:
Set the stage for Spanish colonization of the New World
Will more closely resemble the age of New Imperialism…due to political, economic, and social domination of non-Western landsSlide10
“Golden Age” of Spanish Empire
Structure:
Empire divided into four vice-royalties; each led by a viceroy
Audiencias
– Board of 12 to 15 judges served as advisor to the viceroy and the highest judicial body in the colony
Purpose:
Despite Spain’s complete neglect of its home economy, the empire was mercantilist in philosophy
Mining of gold and ESP SILVER brought wealth to the mother country
Opening of Potosi in 1545 ushered in the “Golden Age”Slide11
The Encomienda System
Motive
Spanish government wanted to reduce the savage exploitation of Amerindians
Reality
Amerindians worked under harsh conditions for a Spanish landowner and in return, received salvation!
Work of Bartholomew de
las
Casas
will help put an end to this system
However, it will lead the Spanish to begin importing African slavesSlide12
“Old Imperialism”
Where?
Africa and Asia
Not the New World
What?
Establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations
Who?
Portugal, Dutch Republic, France, and EnglandSlide13
Portuguese “Old Imperialism”By 1495, controlled trade in West Africa
By 1498, controlled key ports in India
By 1511, the Portuguese seized Malacca from the Muslims
Finished building their trading empire in the Indian Ocean
Allowed Francis Xavier and Jesuit missionaries to preach Catholicism in AsiaSlide14
DUTCH “Old Imperialism”
Hudson: 1609: Dutch: explored New York, Delaware, NY Bay, & Hudson River Valley
.
Founded a colony in New York
Dutch
E. India Co.
founded in 1602
Dutch explorers took over many Portuguese colonies in the far east in the
1600’s
Solidified control of the East Indies and replaced the Portuguese as leaders in the spice tradeSlide15
FRENCH EXPLORATION
Jacques Cartier: In search of a NW passage, he claimed
Canada for France
.
1608 – Quebec founded
Motives: “Fish, fur, and faith”
Continued down to the Louisiana territory
France also colonized parts of the West Indies (Haiti)
Established profitable sugar plantations with the use of African slave laborSlide16
ENGLISH EXPLORATION and Colonization
John Cabot: 1497 & 1498:
explored the NE coast of North America
Henry VII was not interested in further expeditions due to the failure to discover gold or silver
Drake: 1577: circumnavigated the globe and raided Spanish
galleons (Sea Dogs)
Raleigh: Attempted to colonize
Virginia
FAIL!
Cook: explored Australia and New Zealand--claimed it for the British
Colonization of Atlantic Seaboard in North America
Economic: Virginia Company – Jamestown 1607
Religious: Pilgrims and Puritans –
Massachussets
1620-40Slide17
The Columbian ExchangeBoth Europe and the New World were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred between the two regions
For Europeans: BETTER DIET, MORE WEALTH, RISE OF GLOBAL EMPIRES
For Natives: RESULTS WERE CATASTROPHIC!Slide18
The Columbian ExchangeFrom the New World to Europe
Disease: Syphilis
Plants:
Potatoes
, corn, tomatoes, pineapple, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate
Animals: turkeys
Metals: Gold and silver
From Europe to the New World
Disease: Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus
Plants: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
Animals: horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens
People: Europeans and African slavesSlide19
Effects of Exploration
Political
New Monarchs
Absolute Monarchs
Creation of Colonial Empires
Global Trade Wars
Bullion Power
Economic
Price Revolution
Furthered the Commercial Revolution
Fostered the growth of the bourgeoisie
Foundation for mercantilismSlide20
Effects of Exploration
Religious
Responsible for success of Counter-Reformation
Missionary spread of Catholicism
Social
Dumping of surplus population
Culture of Leisure Consumption
Food and Fashion
Growth of middle class radicalizes the social structureSlide21
Effects of ExplorationIntellectual
Growth of Curiosity
Rise of Skepticism
Scientific Revolution
RacismSlide22
The Commercial Revolution
What?
A five century economic transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism
Rise of capitalism
Manor
Town Nation
Major Aspects of the CR
Commercialization of Industry
Cottage Industry, aka “Putting out” System
New Capitalistic Ventures
MercantilismSlide23
Causes of the CR
Three factors that furthered the growth of the CR between 1500-1700
Opening of the Atlantic
Population growth during the 16
th
century
“Price Revolution”
Long, slow upward trend in prices of consumer goods
Major Cause: Population increase
Increase in demand
Additional Cause: Influx of gold and silver from New World
Effect: Increased the economic status of the bourgeoisie while hurting the economic status of the nobilitySlide24
Features of the CR
Development of Banking
Family banking (
Fuggers
and
Medicis
) replaced by state banks in Holland
Antwerp: Financial Center in 16
th
century
Amsterdam: Financial Center in 17
th
century
Stock Markets Emerge
Surplus capital will be invested in developing industries
Bourge
in Antwerp
Amsterdam Exchange
London Stock ExchangeSlide25
Features of the CR
Joint-Stock Companies
Prime example of early capitalism
Investors pool money to fund economic pursuits (oftentimes, overseas)
Dutch East India Company
British East India Company
Cottage Industry Emerges
Supported by national monarchs, these merchant-capitalists began to usurp the economic power held by guilds since the Middle AgesSlide26
Features of the CR
New Capitalistic Industries
Mining, Printing, Shipbuilding, Artillery
New Consumer Goods
Sugar, rice, tea
First Enclosure Movement
In the 16
th
century, Wealthy landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding
Comparable to the Enclosure Acts of the 18
th
century Slide27
Features of the CR
Mercantilism – 17
th
cent. development
Goal: Self-sufficient national economy
How: Create a favorable balance of trade through exporting more than importing
Why?
Bullionism
!!! Political power rested upon economic power, and economic power was based upon a country’s supply of gold and silver
MUST HAVES:
Colonies!!!
Provide raw materials and markets for finished goods
Protectionist Tariffs
Dominant merchant marine and navy
Mother country manufacturing industriesSlide28
Significance of the CR Emergence of powerful sovereign states
Spain, Dutch Republic, England, France
Bourgeoisie experienced huge increase in political and economic status
Evident in Renaissance Italy, the Dutch Republic, Age of French Absolutism, and English Parliament during the 17
th
century
Establishes the foundations necessary for the AR and the IR!!!!Slide29
Rise of European Witch Hunts
Causes:
Popular belief in magic
Catholic Church claimed that the Devil could give a witch its power
Misogyny
Women were seen as weak and prone to temptation
Most witches were unmarried women between the ages of 45-60
Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Religious wars
Small communities that experience economic instabilitySlide30
Decline of European Witch HuntsDecline:
Scientific Revolution discredited superstition and emphasized rationalism
Rise in skepticism
Advances in medicine allowed people to take better care of themselves
End of Religious Wars
Toleration became more widely practiced!