SPS2 Students will explore the nature of matter its classifications and its system for naming types of matter 11 What is Science How does the process of science start and end What is the relationship between science and technology ID: 709280
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Chapter 1Science Skills
SPS2 Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matterSlide2
1.1 What is Science?
How does the process of science start and end?What is the relationship between science and technologySlide3
What is Science?
Generally scientists believe that the universe can be described by basic rules and these rules can be discovered by careful, methodical study.Slide4
Branches of Science
Physics
: The study of
Forces and Energy
Chemistry
: The study of
Matter and its changesSlide5
Pure Science vs Technology
Pure Science - Scientists
who do experiments to learn
more about the world.
Technology – the
application of science
(usually by engineers who look for ways to use the science)Slide6
Scientific Theory
Is an explanation that has been tested by repeated observations.Are always being
questioned and examined.
To be valid, a theory must continue to pass each test.Slide7
Scientific Theory (cont.)
A theory must explain observations simply and clearly.Experiments that illustrate the theory must be repeatable.
You must be able to predict from the theorySlide8
Scientific Law
States a repeated observation about nature.Does
not
explain why an event happens.Slide9
Theories and Laws are not absolute
Sometimes theories or laws have to be changed or replaced completely
when new discoveries are made.Slide10
Qualitative vs Quantitative
Qualitative – describes with words.Quantitative – stated as mathematical equations.Slide11
1.1 What is Science
Curiosity – leads to discoveryScience – system of knowledge and methods to find knowledgeSlide12
1.1 What is Science
Technology – applying knowledge to solve problemsAdvances in science lead to advances in technologyExamples (my childhood and yours)Computers – 1979 Atari 400 (16Kb Ram, 5.25 Floppy 760 Kb)I-Pad (16-64
Gb
, wireless, flash)Slide13
1.1 What is Science?
Telephones
1979 – Black Rotary Phone – called people
2010 – Motorola Droid – phone, internet access,
gps
, camera
Science (and
Technolgy
are always changingSlide14
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
What is the scientific method?How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?Why are scientific models useful?Slide15
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Walking or running in the rain – which keeps you dryer?
How can we know for sure?
Scientific Method – organized plan for gathering information
According to most studies, it is better to run (although the
Mythbusters
disagree)Slide16
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Steps (in traditional order)Making Observations – using your senses to gather informationAsk a Question – usually based on some observations (Do cell phones cause brain cancer?)Hypothesis – a proposed answer to a question – so it is a statement (Eating fish makes a person smarter.)Slide17
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Testing a Hypothesis (doing the experiment)Sometimes formal, sometimes informalManipulated variable – variable that causes a change in anotherResponding variable – changes in response to manipulated variable
Controlled experiment – only one variable is changedSlide18
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Testing a Hypothesis (doing the experiment)Hypothesis – soccer players are smarter than football playersManipulated variable – sport the students playResponding variable – score on SAT
Controlled experiment – must be same age, same socio-economic background, have the same educational background (what else?)Slide19
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Drawing Conclusions The hypothesis is correctThe hypothesis is incorrect (retest)The hypothesis needs some modification (retest)
Examples
Eating Omega 3 Fatty Acids improves brain function and health
Glucosamine supplements heal knee jointsSlide20
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Developing a Theory – a well tested explanation for a set of observationsTheory of EvolutionKinetic TheoryString TheorySlide21
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Scientific Laws – describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it.Law of Gravity – masses are attracted toward each otherThe explanation is provided by a theory
Theory of GravitonsSlide22
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Scientific Laws – describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it.Law of Gravity – masses are attracted toward each otherThe explanation is provided by a theory
Theory of GravitonsSlide23
1.3 Measurement
Why is scientific notation useful?What units do scientists use for their measurements?Slide24
1.3 Measurement
Scientific Notation – represents very large or very small numbers as powers of 10Large numbers have a positive exponentSmall numbers have a negative exponentSlide25
1.3 Measurement
Multiplying Exponents
1. First multiply the numbers
2. Add the exponentsSlide26
1.3 Measurement
Dividing Exponents
1. First divide the numbers
2. Subtract the exponentsSlide27
1.3 Measurement
PracticeSlide28
1.3 Measurement
International System of Units (SI or metric system)Base UnitsLength – meter (m)Mass – kilogram (kg)Temperature –
kelvin
(K)
Time – second (s)Slide29
1.3 Measurement
International System of Units (SI or metric system)Derived Units – combinations of base unitsVolume – length x width x height meter x meter x meter
m
3
Density – mass divided by volume
Grams divided by meter x meter x meter
g/cm
3
(in chemistry)Slide30
1.3 Measurement
You will be asked to calculate densityMass (in grams) divided by volume (in cm3
or
mL
)
What is the density of a 63
mL
block with a mass of 22.5 g?Slide31
1.3 Measurement
You will need to know 3 metric prefixesKilo (k) – 1000 – multiplies the unit by 1000 times1 kg Gold bar worth $42,268.16 (7/9/10)
centi
(c) – 1/100 – multiplies the unit by 0.01
Centipede – they don’t really have 100 legs
milli
(m) – 1/1000 – multiply by 0.001
Millipede – they don’t have 1000 legsSlide32
1.3 Measurement
Converting units (learn this well, you do similar stuff all year!)Convert by multiply by a conversion factor – () with a fraction insideWhat goes inside the fraction
The unit that you want goes on top
The unit you are getting rid of goes on the bottomSlide33
1.3 Measurement
So if I wanted to convert 18 g to mgUnit I want is mgUnit I want to get rid of is g
Now I have to remember that 0.001 g = 1 mg (or 1g = 1000 mg)
Put the numbers in your calculator and get the answerSlide34
1.3 Measurement
PracticeConvert 912 g to kg
Convert 11.2 L to
cLSlide35
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
How do scientists organize data?How can scientists communicate experimental data?Slide36
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Line graphsYou must be able to draw a line graph of
data
First label each axis
and give the graph
a title
Mass (g)
2
4
5
7
10Volume (cm3)122.53.5
5
Density of Unknown Substance
Volume (cm
3
)
Mass (g)Slide37
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Line graphsThe hard part – determine the
value of each
space
Mass (g)
2
4
5
7
10
Volume (cm
3)122.53.5
5
Density of Unknown Substance
Volume (cm
3
)
Mass (g)
22 spaces
10 g/22 = 0.45
1 box = 0.5 g
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
22 spaces
5/22 = 0.23
1 b0x = 0.25
1
2
3
4
5Slide38
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Line graphsNow plot your pointsFinally draw the best straight line or curve
Mass (g)
2
4
5
7
10
Volume (cm
3
)
122.53.55
Density of Unknown Substance
Volume (cm
3
)
Mass (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5Slide39
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Line graphsYou should be able to get data from your graphWhat is the volume of a 8.5g sample?
4.25 cm
3
Density of Unknown Substance
Volume (cm
3
)
Mass (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5Slide40
BAR Graph
A bar graph is often used to compare a set of measurements, amounts , or changes.Slide41
Using the grid provided , graph the following information using the appropriate type of graph.( Don’t forget to label axes)
January has 5 cm of rain fall
March has 10 cm of rain fall
August has 2 cm of rain fall
October has 8 cm of rain fallSlide42
Circle Graph
A circle graph is a divided circle that shows how a part or share of something relates to the whole.Slide43
West Virginia State University has a significant number of out-of –state students attending its institution.
23% of its students originally reside in North Carolina, 17 % reside in Ohio, 8 % reside in Maine, 42% reside in West Virginia , and 10 % reside in California.
Graph the following information using the appropriate type of graph to display the student population of west Virginia state University.