Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsMaking use of the State of the Art in Formu - PDF document

Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsMaking use of the State of the Art in Formulation Engineering* 4.1. Product engineering problem statement Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsthe huge deposits are thus the left aoil and about 100 to 150 surface it is not fluid at niche for cheap for the Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions 130 100-150 20-30 ? 9 9 the current trend andscenario not an they can be 3 Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions 1980 1990 2000 2010 0 2 4 6 8 12 Coal Hydraulic Nuclear World Generation from ¡C) tohigh porosity (30%) and a be necessary because of the an unusual cold productionapply shorter patterns.carrying out a to emulsion make long Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsinVenezuela. This is an extremely important driving force behind the development of extraheavy oil ventures inthethese are require large scale2been planed. It was anprogram was Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsextra oil35was considered top of all crude oil would consume a 1 10 100 30 50 70 25% Pa.s oils or refinery cuts such as gas oil orkerosene [8, 26]. Dilution would answer not only the viscosity problem but also the dehydration and desaltingand exhibits from characterisitcs the non- Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsemulsion rheology on[48].the was considered a first tests testing the transporting asufficiently stable emulsion, with a typical crude oil content of about 65 %.the great many theand flash point are rather they Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionscombustion teams led to the2 3 has been tested in such as reburning processes. The been emission control. Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsthe present the product as a is a ¥¥¥for other cases of viscous¥an many1212 In most aqueous phase contains one or thus Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions kcorresponds to the aqueous phase conductivity. Then,wkem = kw (fw)m[1]for O/Wwthe the straight line emulsion is O/W, is W/O when the/O/Wext in W is the phase k W k W/O 1 0 k k emT f k Wext k emR 1 0 ext k f T T ap f w W/O/Wext emulsion decreases more rapidly thankk while it is expected to be kemT according to thetotal fT proportion of water in the emulsion. The conductivity value kemR (figure 4 right). The Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsfeatures arediscussed here. Depending on the way the emulsion is fluid size monodispersed or % this assumption is[84-85] proposed and used a semiff hrThis be the same it the of allhrf/f1.187 - f/f100 ] 2.49 [2] Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionst.tg¥ n and tg¥ = hap = k g¥ n-1[3]h at1 s-1 g ¥ t 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 4 5 3 4 2 mPa S -1 30% 70% 60% 80% 100 cP 1000 cP 70% their counterpart, a feature that will be used in a later discussion.a mechanism been to Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions a process shear other can for a of emulsion on thein a complex dampening process which may leave a thin film between the drops [98]. Numerous factors, fromthe properties from a physics point of andat to do mostly type and the huge research and referring to the the phase atdirectly influences the phase behavior and in some more indirect way the emulsion properties (that also depend Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsyears [101] HLB number in order to quantify this It is known that the a nonionic make it happen at a PIT is the [4]1/2Ra Winsor I phase phase is inlength tends to increase the Aco and thus increases R. If the starting R value is smaller than one, and the final Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsapproach is quite helpful in o - (- µ¡w) = µ¡w - µ¡o [5]µ¡owas the to describe the RT = ln S - K ACN - f(A) + s - aT DT [6]RT = afT DT [7]fsaDTThandle more of mixtures ofsurfactants [127-130], and the effect of alcohols [131], electrolytes [132-133], pressure [134] and temperature[122-123,135].is worth noting that the SAD of all theircontributions are independent from one another. When SAD = 0 the affinity of the surfactant for the oil phasephase Winsor I, II. Thus SAD is a Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionssystems are a standard.modern Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions g W/O k Emulsion conductivity h Viscosity Emulsion R = 1 �R 1 f t W/O is the the low the and the quickfurther in the Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsThis is of course the fact that the a standard procedure emulsion type is its regions of the map that standard Figure 8 [172] shows an and thethe side of at 70% the Consequently, at low water (B), respectively oil (C) content, the W/O, respectively O/W, emulsion dominates-+-++- -+low to the most ++ Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsratio (at constant fw 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 6 4 8 20 22 24mS/cm W/O MOW MOW O/W O/W W/O 2 2 A + - A B + C + B - C - INVERSION 2112drop size the result of a equilibrium breaking andandconstant does Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions unstable unstable W/O O/W STABILITY MAP A + B + B - C - C + unstable STABLE A - STABLE large W/O DROP SIZE MAP A + B + B - A - C - C + large large large MINI MINI - + O/W normal EMULSION TYPE inversion inversion A - A + B - B + C + C - O/W low viscosity low viscosity low viscosity VISCOSITY MAP A + B + B - A - C - C + OIL WATER is is a making high emulsions like Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions reducing all repulsion that contributes to stabilization. It is worth noting that the use of mixed surfactant systems, which isfilm h r into factors that are Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions++highest oil stirring would do theopposite. This rule of thumb is to be ratio O/Wwas made by stirring a whoserepresentative point was laid the The line that a thethis section it is assumed that the of an emulsion is thetheA- by adding more its the sizemost cases it necessary to make the size on both - Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions-a drop size much the emulsion that could be a+end of the arrow must the -+ (2) -+ Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions-+ Hysteresis Hysteresis A - A + C + B - C + B - A - A + O/W W/O O/W W/O O/W the the phase of the emulsion 206], is athat both through - Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsextra the hysteresis zone [195], of the hysteresis zones the emulsion typesuch as drop size formed during the A - A + C + B - O/W A - A + C + B - W/O O/W A - A + W/O O/W and211-213], that 4. PRODUCT ENGINEERING Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsengineering in current used to -- restricts it to the extreme left of the A--but not too far away from it, and near the inversion line), including at high temperatures when this variable is--+- Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsbe reduced byanother the the proper product: O/W issue is now to emulsion to has been discussed in the that a often makes theor is able to the properties. There are probably manythe the extra oil is added first at the corresponds to the minimum drop diameter zone. Then, the formulation is made more hydrophilic on the final Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions that the from one phase to the producing a spontaneousa surface Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions to be the high oil Emulsion spills are a concern in aquatic environments, and the surfactant should be non toxic. Also itscontains the the Orimulsion¨ production in terms of the Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions process consisted of the [10-¥in the primary 60% oil. Thethis emulsion is at the region A- in the ¥corresponds to along a (constant fw) It is worth the¥--W/O was the use of a ¥--- transition region could havedroplets. Surprisingly osmotic draw brine Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions early the had another serious was found that a¥¥¥-----the basic Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions 85 % oil 70 % oil Separator water Heating additives --, that wouldenough to long the process the other W/O emulsion almost so the surfactant dilution was facilitated. However, when switching to the second scheme (down-hole injection Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsbe too thus the on theand a sodium forbiden for the combustion- Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsionsthe basic thisthe emulsion. 1 x 200,000 b STORAGE STORAGE Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions 40 60 80 100 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2000 3000 4000 24" 0 50 100 150 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Leg 2 D Leg 2 Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsIn this sense, screw pumps strongly Orimulsion¨ pumping [10-11,63].to a g., nonylphenol EO groups and transporting the primary emulsion in the early Orimulsion¨ can be the answer to easy Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions A - A - a there is no doubt that often used random erroron foamy crudes. authors would like to thank Ms. authors are the Andes Research Council CDCHT, to the Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsJ.L. Salager, J.L. Grosso, M.A. Eslava, Rev. Tecn. INTEVEP, 2, 149-154 (1982)59. Heavy Hydrocarbon EmulsionsP. Jarry, M. Mi–ana-Perez, J. L. Salager, in Surfactants in Solution, K. Mittal, P. Bothorel Eds., vol. 6, 1689-1696, Plenum Press Heavy Hydrocarbon Emulsions