Explanation Presentation 521 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM Center for Teaching and Learning Foundations of Technology The Unit Big Idea ID: 666997
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Slide1
Manufacturing
Unit 5, Lesson 2
ExplanationPresentation 5.2.1
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide2
The Unit Big Idea
The designed world is the product of a design process, which provides ways to turn resources - materials, tools and machines, people, information, energy, capital, and time - into products and services.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide3
The Lesson Big Idea
Manufacturing technologies produce quality goods at low prices, and apply the properties of materials to ensure the desired function of a product.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide4
Material Properties
The physical properties of the material are a basic reason for selecting the material
The performance of a product requires various behaviors and types of properties.Example, a material could have particularly desirable electrical conductivity properties and perform poorly in maximum strength.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide5
Material Properties
Often a compromise/trade-off among the needed properties must be made
To be consistent with the processing selectedAnd the structural state desired or possible.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide6
Categories of Materials
Materials can be categorized as the following:
MetalsCeramicsPlastics
SemiconductorsComposites
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide7
Metals
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Materials that are normally combinations of metallic elements.
Elements, when combined, have electrons that are non-localized,
As a consequence, have generic types of properties. Slide8
Metals
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Quite strong, but malleable
Lustrous look when polished.
Examples: copper, aluminum, titaniumSlide9
Ceramics
Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements
Include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
They are insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments.
Examples: clay, tungsten carbide, alumina, glass
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide10
Plastics & Polymers
Organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen.
Very large molecular structures.
Low density, not stable at high temperatures.Two types:
Thermoset
(can be melted and shaped once)
Thermoplastic
(can be melted and reshaped)
Examples: nylon, polystyrene, rubber
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide11
Semiconductors
Electrical properties intermediate between metallic conductors and ceramic insulators.
Electrical properties are strongly dependent upon small amounts of impurities.Examples: silicon, germanium
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide12
Composites
Composites consist of more than one distinct material type.
Examples: Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, concrete, plywood
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide13
Reflection
Think about where you are sitting. What types of materials are surrounding you?
Is your computer, laptop, or cell phone made of more than one type of material?
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide14
Properties of Materials
Properties of Materials can be categorized:
MechanicalElectricalMagnetic
Optical and DielectricThermal
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide15
Mechanical Properties
Tensile strength:
measuring of resistance to being pulled apartFracture toughness: the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fractureFatigue strength:
ability of material to resist various kinds of rapidly changing stressesCreep strength: ability of a metal to withstand a constant weight or force at elevated temperatures
Hardness:
property of a material to resist permanent indentation
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide16
Electrical Properties
Conductivity:
measure of how well a material accommodates the movement of an electric chargeResistivity: opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide17
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic susceptibility :
ratio of magnetization (M) to magnetic field (H)Curie temperature : temperature at which a material will lose magnetism
Saturation magnetization: state reached when an increase in applied external magnetizing field
H
cannot increase the magnetization of the material further
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide18
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion:
how much a material will expand for each degree of temperature increase
Heat capacity: amount of heat required to change a material’s temperature by a given amount
Thermal conductivity:
indicates a material’s ability to conduct heat
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide19
Manufacturing
How do we apply the properties of materials?
Engineers use the material properties to select appropriate materials for product production.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide20
Manufacturing Processes
Primary processes
Turn raw materials into standard stock (timber cut into boards)Secondary processesTurn standard stock into finish products (boards
turned into furniture)
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide21
Manufacturing Types
Final manufactured Products can be one of three types:
CustomBatchContinuous
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide22
Custom Manufacturing
One of kind item made by a specialist
Product examples: yacht, clothing, purse
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide23
Batch Manufacturing
Products are made in batches.
The components of a product are completed at a workstation before they move to the next one.Product Examples: bakery items, paints,
special edition shoes
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide24
Continuous
Manufacturing
Products are made with no interruption to the production line from the input to output.Product examples: cars, food products, bricks
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide25
Interchangeable Parts
The invention of interchangeable parts in the 1700s innovated manufacturing.
Interchangeable parts are parts that are identical, meaning to replace the part, you do not have to make a custom piece. There is already one the same size.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of TechnologySlide26
Interchangeable Parts
The interchangeability of parts increased the effectiveness of all manufacturing processes.
An example would be a windshield wiper blade that can be used on multiple vehicle models.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association,
STEM
Center for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology