Fiction or Fact Mark Durham 18 Oct 2015 1 MULTIVERSE Helpful Resources Brian Greene 2 MULTIVERSE Helpful Resources RTB Educational Programs Reasons To Believe offers innovative programs designed to prepare students to stand strong building their personal growth and ID: 595676
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MULTIVERSE
Fiction or Fact?
Mark Durham, 18 Oct 2015
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MULTIVERSE, Helpful Resources
Brian Greene
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MULTIVERSE, Helpful Resources
RTB Educational ProgramsReasons To Believe offers innovative programs designed to prepare students to stand strong, building their personal growth and
development so they may be strengthened in their faith and empowered to engage scientists, skeptics and atheists.
Two Astronomy and Design Courses:
8-week
5-week (advanced)
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Multiverse Popularity
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Our Universe W
ithout Multiverse.The Standard Model
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Cosmic Microwave Background
CMB
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Cosmic Background Microwave
Credit: NASA / WMAP Science Team WMAP # 121238 Image Caption 9 year WMAP image of background cosmic radiation (2012)
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Cosmic Background Microwave: A Tale of Three Satellites
COBE, 1992
WMAP, 2009
Planck, now
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Our Observable Universe--Bigger than you Think!
Observable Universe
: This is the total of our “normal” universe. Spherical region of space around an observer limited to where light can (in principle) be seen from the beginning of the cosmological expansion.
Diameter ~93 billion light years. Note that this is much greater than light would travel in a straight line during the age of universe, 13.7 billion years…
Hubble
Volume
: Spherical region of space around an observer limited to where the expanding universe exceeds the speed of light. Approximately 10
31 cubic light years and 93 billion light years diameter. Thus Hubble Volume is thus almost the same as Observable Universe & these two terms are often used interchangeably
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Multiverse--Generic
Multiverse Definition: Any Space that includes our observable
universe, to regions beyond it, to other universes independent to our own.
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Evidence For Multiverse
Search for EvidenceAround 2010, scientists such as Stephen M. Feeney analyzed Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data and claimed to find preliminary evidence suggesting that our universe collided with other (parallel) universes in the distant past
. However, a more thorough analysis of data from the WMAP and
Planck satellites failed
to find any statistically significant evidence of such a bubble universe collision
.
In addition, there is no evidence of any gravitational pull of other universes on ours.Bottom Line: There is no direct evidence for Multiverse, only some inferred evidence
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What is the Multiverse?
Multiverse: Region(s) in space beyond the traditional (observable) universe. Concept includes anything from an infinitely large universe, to multiple or infinite unrelated universes and dimensions.
Max Tagmark proposes four levels of multiverse, with each succeeding level being inclusive of previous levels. Note, there are other models.
Level I
: “Infinite Universe”. Our universe continually inflates and extends forever beyond the Observable Universe.
Level II
: “Infinite Bubble Universes”. Inflating universe stretches out forever, but some regions stop to form Level I “bubble” universes.
Level III: “Quantum Mechanics Parallel Universes“. QM possible outcomes are not based on absolutes but probabilities, each corresponding to a different universe. Level IV: “Mathematical Universes”. Any mathematically possible universe has equal possibility of actually existing.For all levels of Multiverse, for infinite conditions, precise duplicates can exist
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Multiverse Level I
A universe that is VERY large,
or is continues ad infinitumThink of it as having many or endless
observable universes/Hubble volumes
The VERY large version is possible as we don’t know what’s beyond OU/HV
Supported by CBM data
No Causal Contact beyond our OU/HV
Laws of Physics same throughout
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Multiverse Level II: A Collection of Bubble Universes
Inflation stops in different times and places to produce
this multiverseBubble universes produced, each with observable universes, some like oursDifferent laws of physics prevail for each observable universe
Those finely-tuned for life exhibit uniformity as seen in our universe
“Who’ Afraid Of The Multiverse”, Zweerink p. 18
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Problems for Multiverse?
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Multiverse Level III: Quantum Mechanics Worlds
Schrödinger's
Cat Paradox
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Level III Mutiverse
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Multiverse Level IV: Everything is Possible
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Another Multiverse Model
Brian Greene’s Nine Types
Quilted
With an infinite amount of space, every possible event will occur an infinite number of times.
However, the speed of light prevents us from being aware of these other identical areas.
Inflationary
Composed of various pockets where inflation fields collapse and form new universes.
Brane
Follows from M-theory and states that our universe is a 3-dimensional brane that exists with many
others on a higher-dimensional brane or "bulk". Particles are bound to their respective branes except for gravity.
Cyclic
AKA
ekpyrotic
,
has multiple branes (each a universe) that collided, causing Big Bangs. The branes bounce back and
in time are
pulled back together and
re-
collide, destroying the old contents and re-creating them.
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Another Multiverse Model—Brian Green’s Nine Types
Landscape
Relies
on string theory's
Calabi
–
Yau
shapes. Quantum fluctuations drop the shapes to a lower energy level, creating a pocket with a different set of laws from the surrounding space.
Quantum
Creates
a new universe when a diversion in events occurs, as in the many-worlds interpretation of
quantum
mechanics.
Holographic
Derived from the theory that the surface area of a space can simulate the volume of the region.
Simulated
Exists on complex computer systems that simulate entire
universes.
Ultimate
Contains
every mathematically possible universe under different laws of physics.
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Responding To Those Believing I
n Multiverse(Arguments For God)
COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: Composed of major & minor premises and a conclusion.Major Premise: Something that has a beginning of existence has a cause
Minor Premise
: Our universe had a beginning of existence
Conclusion
: Consequently the universe must have a causeA resurgence of this argument is due
to the great scientific discoveries such as big bang cosmology, general relativity, expanding universe, space-time theorems, cosmic microwave background…This argument requires a Cause or Causal Agent When addressing Multiverse with a skeptic, it is good to start with the Cosmological Argument before discussing big bang, inflation, design (Teleological Argument), fine-tuning and God of the Bible.
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Responding To Those Believing In Multiverse(Arguments For God)
TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: Based on the concept of Design“…any true design requires a designer. Therefore, if the universe exhibits true design, then a Designer exists.”
Design features in the universe include: life, fine-tuning of laws of physics for life, advanced civilization, “just-right” planet, moon, sun’s orbiting planets, sun, galaxy, narrow time windows, etc.
In terms of probability, chance of our existence is nil, yet we exist
Is there purpose and design to the universe?
Is the
Anthropic Principal true?
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Counter-Argument to Design
Is there
Design or is there a Selection Effect?A measurement bias by scientistsDevices we choose to measure with are limited, thus results are skewed
“The reason the universe has properties it does is because we are here to observe them.”*
Our very existence requires that there be a fine-tuned appearance since we humans are actually a Selection Effect
This line of reasoning aka the
Weak Anthropic PrincipalFits well with infinite Multiverse since improbabilities are overcome with an infinite amount of universes
Problems with Selection Effect counter-argument:Assumes no need for Design/God but appeals to unknown—Multiverse is underlying reasonScientifically not convincing--Its a feeble philosophical attempt to avoid Design
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Difficulties For Multiverse
Ridiculous Infinities…Philosophical protest
All Becomes OneRatios Become Meaningless
Accommodations For Everything
All Royal Flushes
∞ Number of
Me’s
Justice and MoralityBoltzmann BrainsSimulated Universe
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Problems For Multiverse
Not Testable (falsifiable): Multiverse by definition lies beyond our Observable Universe and so can’t be observed or tested
Theorems of General Relativity predict a Beginning: Hawking-Penrose theorem requires a cosmic beginning (thinking back to Cosmological Argument..).
Borde-Vilenkin-Guth theorems
require that all multiverse experiencing expansion, must have a beginning, pointing to a Causal Agent! Also, Design also points to a transcendent agent.
Life Must Be Completely Physical
: Life must evolve by chance yet Origin of Life scientists have appealed to panspermia or the unknown (multiverse), because they’ve been frustrated in determining how life could originate on earth. “Thus by
allowing for every possible situation, the [infinite] multiverse ultimately explains nothing and undermines the whole scientific enterprise.” (Who’s Afraid of the Multiverse, Zweerink, p. 50). 25Slide26
Multiverse & The Christian
Existence of Multiverse is NOT what we should argue against
Bible speaks of several spiritual realms: R
ecounts
numerous references to
Heaven
, God’s primary domain, likely the “third heaven” Paul experienced (2 Cor. 12:3)Abraham’s Bosom (rich man and Lazarus, Luke 16:19-31)
HellGreat White Throne Judgement, Revelation 20:13:Dead in the SeaDeath
HadesLake of FireNew
Creation
(Science also speaks of other realms: String Theory predicts 10 or 11 special dimensions, not just 3)
Thus other universes do not represent a conflict with Scriptures
Our argument lies with weather the multiverse’s pure physicality of life is true, or if our expressed reflection of the Image of God is true.
Perhaps He created a multitude of universes so that only this one could support humanity
Multiverse is problematic only when its viewed as being purely naturalistic
Consequently it is critical that believers differentiate between strict naturalistic vs. Creator types of multiverse
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What Can You Do With Multiverse?
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What Can You Do With Multiverse?—Engage!
Don’t be threatened by itTake advantage of the moment to engage science-minded people with the Gospel
Ask questions; determine what type of multiverse is under discussionUnderstand the Cosmological Argument and be familiar with the Theorems of General Relativity in order to address a beginning of all multiverses
Understand the Teleological Argument of Design
Discuss how a strictly naturalistic viewpoint undermines ideals of identity, justice, free will and science
Don’t
be burdened with an antagonistic argument. Our goal is not to win the argument, but to show how Scripture supports scientific observationKeep Studying
Praise God for the widespread fascination of His vast and awesome creation!28Slide29
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MULTIVERSE VOCABULARY
TERM
DEFINITION
Accelerated Expansion
Ever-increasing expansion rate of our universe due to mysterious dark energy
Anthropic Principle
Principle that the universe appears to have been made for humanity
Anthropic Principle, Weak
Belief that the Anthropic Principle is a bias or Selection Effect of human researchers
Boltzmann Brain
An intelligent entity that assembled by chance in the multiverse
Brane
A 3-D quantum plane of quantum particles
Cosmic Inflation
period of time when the universe expanded faster than the speed of light
Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB) Electromagnetic radiation left over in universe from early Big Bang
Cosmological Argument
Philosophical position that the universe has a beginning and a cause
Cosmological Constant
The amount of vacuum energy required of dark energy to maintain universe expansion acceleration
Dark Energy
Mysterious energy causing universe to accelerate its expansion rate; ~69% of universe's mass-energy
Dark Matter
Mysterious matter giving extra gravity to hold galaxies together; ~24% of universe's mass-energy
Design
Creation of a plan or concept for the construction of an object or a system
Fine Tuning
Life's requirements of narrowly defined physical constants
Hubble Volume
Spherical region of space around an observer limited to where the expanding universe exceeds c
Multiverse
Any Space that includes our observable universe, to regions beyond it, to other independent universes
Multiverse Level I
Infinitely big and expanding universe
Multiverse Level II
Infinitely big and expanding bubble universes
Multiverse Level III
Quantum mechanics parallel universes
Multiverse Level IV
Mathematical universes
Observable Universe
Total of our "normal" universe
Parallel Universes
Multiverse universes similar or identical to ours
Photon
Electromagnetic radiation such as light, manifesting itself as particle or wave
Quantum Fluctuations
changes in the quantum field resulting in singularities (Big Bangs)
Quantum World
Subatomic fundamental particles where wave or particle, position or velocity, are difficult to determine
Selection Effect
Measurement bias by scientists due to our nature
Standard Model
Model of universe ~13.8 billion years old, started from a Big Bang, and expands at an accelerated rate
Teleological Argument
Philosophical position that the universe displays design and therefore must have a designer
Vacuum Energy
An underlying quantum background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universeSlide30
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