nigeria Hari Srinivas Room I312 0795657406 International Environmental Policy Locationof Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory Abuja ID: 484989
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National Environmental Policy of:nigeriaHari SrinivasRoom: I-312 / 079-565-7406
International Environmental PolicySlide2
Locationof Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria
, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Slide3
Basic statisticsNigeria has the 7th largest population in the world and the highest in Africa ( = Japan is 10th largest)GDP – US$1 for Nigeria is US$20 for Japan
Nigeria’s GDP
Oil and oil products are the main exports of the country.
India is the second largest trade partner (exports and imports) of Nigeria, after the US.Slide4
A Quick Look at Nigeria’s HistoryBritish influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy.
In
addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions.
Although
both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.Slide5
Historical trends and Conflicts
Pre-Colonization Period
Colonization Period (British)
Post Independence Period
1890-1990
~ 1890s
1990s ~
Tribal Conflicts
Ancient kingdoms and tribal lands – minimal impact on the environment
Civil wars/conflicts
Exploitation of mineral resources by British – no benefit for local people
Religious conflicts
Exploitation by multinational companies – corruption, poverty and unbalanced growthSlide6
The Ripple Effect
Conflict between North and South Nigeria
Conflict destroys local environment
Refugees and displaced persons basic needs met from local environment
Instability and conflict leading to low priority for environmental issuesSlide7
Usual problems of developing countriesCauses of Environmental Problems
Oil Industry
Environmental consequences and impacts
Lack of investment
Lack of skills and jobs
Lack of finance
Corruption
Lack of water supply
Lack of sanitation
Poor healthSlide8
Types of Pollution: AIRMain causes of air pollution include:Gaseous discharge from industriesIndiscriminate and open burning of wasteBush burningGas flaringIndoor cookingEmissions from generatorsMining activitiesSlide9
Types of Pollution: WATERMain causes of water pollution include:Untreated or partially treated industrial waste waterMunicipal sewageAgricultural run-off (perticide, fertilizer etc.)Indiscriminate dumping of wasteAcid depositionDischarge from waste dumpsiteSaline intruusion (mixing of Seawater)Slide10
Types of pollution: LANDMain causes of land pollution include:Indiscriminate dumping of industrial, municipal and hazardous wastesIndustrial effluents and household sewageTailing from mining industries (earth that is moved when metals and other minerals are mined)Slide11
Industry sector PollutionPetroleum and Petrochemicals - air, waterMining - tailings, waterIron and Steel - Water, air, solid wastesTextiles - waste water, solid wastes, airFood and beverages - organic wastesSlide12
Oil Industry: The Good and BadOil Industry
Highest Export Earner
Oil spills and accidents
Oil sabotage
Oil processing
TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION
SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIMENSION
ECONOMIC DIMENSION
ENVIRONMENTAL
DIMENSIONSlide13
Industrial WastesIndustrial wastes
80% discharge directly into the open
Existing waste treatment facilities are poorly maintained
Dumpsites are not maintained in a environmentally friendly manner
High cost of reducing pollution reduction
Lack of technology to reduce pollution
Lack of expertise to reduce pollution Slide14
Oil and Environment Links - 1
OIL
SPILLS
Land contamination
Water and Groundwater Pollution
Poor Water Supply for householdsSlide15
Oil and Environment Links - 2
OIL
FIRES AND ACCIDENTS
Risk to Human Lives
CO2 and GHG Emissions
Poor Human and Community HealthSlide16
Oil and Environment Links - 3
OIL
EXPLORATION
Cutting of Forests
Soil Erosion and Flood disasters
Increased CO2 Emissions and Climate ChangeSlide17
Unbalanced Wealth
?!!
Largest producer of oil in Africa; 95% of national export is oil
50% of people below the poverty line (earning US$2 per day); poor education and health; most survive on agriculture jobsSlide18
Framework for Environmental ManagementNigerian ConstitutionNational Policy on EnvironmentAct 42 of 1988 on Trade in Toxic WastesRegulations on wastewater from IndustriesRegulations on Management of Solid and Hazardous WastesEnvironmental Impact AssessmentInstitutional
Framework
Federal Ministry of Environment(National level)
Departments of Environment (State Level)
Other agencies related to oil spills etc.Slide19
Some Key Policy ProblemsInstitutional constraintsEnforcement and monitoringRegulationsCapacities - Financial, Personnel, TechnicalData and InformationIndustrial and Economic policiesSlide20
The Real Policy DilemmaVery Good PolicyVery Poor Implementation
Mmm
… ?!!
Conflicting priorities and lack of integration
Poor governance and corruption
Lack of expertise and finance
Poverty and special needs of the poorSlide21
Putting the pieces together …
The resources for a good, rich country are available in Nigeria
Mmm
… ?!!
The country needs good governance and strong leadership to put the resources togetherSlide22
Environmental Business OpportunityTransnational Oil Companies
-
Shell
-
Total
- ExxonMobil
- Chevron
-
Agip
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Environmental Reporting
Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001)
Civil Society Partnerships
Strong leadership by companies in environmental management?Slide23
Future Trends: Environmental PoliciesEnvironmental PoliciesTrade Policies
Energy Policies
Agricultural Policies
Urbanization Policies
Gender Policies
Poverty Reduction PoliciesSlide24
Future Trends: Environmental PoliciesTradable Commodities of/for the environment – for example emissions tradingStock Exchange – exchange of industrial wastes for reuse and recyclingConcession – investment in environmental issues may become tax-free, or Slide25
Developmental Benefits Environmental Benefits
Social benefits
(improved quality of life)
Cultural Benefits
(“Pride of Place”)
Economic Benefits
(Jobs/income, Tourism etc.)
Good Environmental PolicySlide26
Contact me … Prof. Hari SrinivasRoom: I-312Tel: 079-565-7406
Email: hari.srinivas@kwansei.ac.jp
Class website:
http://www.gdrc.info/iep