Sub-Saharan Africa - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Sub-Saharan Africa

Unit III, Section 3Slide2

Objectives

Understand the complex and varying climate regions and resource deposits across the continent.

Define the influence left by other cultures, i.e. Europeans & Muslims

Analyze the challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa.

Describe Africa’s place in the World as an economic force and as a force of change and growth.

Detail the events of conflict across Africa, such as the Rwandan genocide and Apartheid. Slide3

Geographic LayoutSlide4

Sahel

Border between savanna grasslands & deserts

Means “shore” in Arabic

Extends from Senegal to Sudan

Pasture land

Herding groups

Low growing grasses & shrubs

Acacia trees4 to 8 Inches of rain annuallyRain Mostly falls in June, July, & AugustSlide5

Cheetah

African Wild Dog

Scimitar-Horned

Oryx

GerenukSlide6

The Serengeti Plain

North central Tanzania

38,000 square miles

2 million herbivores, thousands of predators

Variations in grasslands, scrub, and woodlands

Rainy season- March thru May

Kopjes- granite outcrops

Ol Doinyo LengaiActive volcanoOnly carbonatite volcano on Earth

Lava turns white when it contacts airSlide7

The Great Migration

Annual migration of nearly 1.5 million wildebeests & 300,000 zebra & other antelopes

Stretches from Tanzania to Kenya

1,800 mile journey

Search for viable grasslands

Year long breeding cycle

All wildebeest calves born within a three week period, February

Crosses a series of rivers, plains, & salt flatsNearly ¼ of a million wildebeests do not complete the journey

Only began in the 1960’sSlide8

The Masai Mara

East African people group

Kenya & Tanzania

Semi-nomadic herders

Kraal homesteads

Traditional society

Men- hunt, herd, and protect

Women- build homes & care for the familyWealth based on livestock Tourist/western influencesSlide9
Slide10

Equatorial Africa

60 to 110 inches of rain annually

Ground level vegetation

Shrubs, ferns, & mosses (rises 6 to 10 feet)

Middle level vegetation

Small trees & palms (Rises to 60 feet)

Upper level vegetation

Leafy trees (rises up to 150+ feet)Orchids, ferns, & mosses grow at this levelPoor soil for commercial grain crops

Bananas, pineapples, cocoa, tea, coffee, & cotton

DeforestationSlide11

Okapi

Bongo

Green

Mamba

GorillaSlide12

Climate of the Cape

Mid-latitude

Found in South Africa

Known as a Mediterranean climate

Snow can occur

Lush vegetation

Thick woodlands

Excellent agricultural landsSlide13

Kudu

White Rhino

Impala

HartebeestSlide14

3000 miles long

Fault system, N. Syria to Central Mozambique

30 active or semi-active volcanoes

Rich source of life

Bio-diversity

Hominid Fossils

Richard & Mary Leakey

Olduvai GorgePerfect environmentPrehistoric highway

Great Rift ValleySlide15

Water Systems

Okavango Delta

Large in-land delta

Water evaporates, never reaches the sea

Threatened by hydroelectric construction

Congo

World’s deepest, 720 ft

2nd Largest River in the World2,920 miles long

Main water route for West-central AfricaSlide16

Lake Victoria

Discovered by John Speke in 1858

Named for Queen Victoria

26,600 square miles

2

nd

largest lake in the World

Largest tropical lakeAverage depth of 130 ftSource of the White NileThreatened by pollutionWaste water/water hyacinth Slide17

Mt. Kilimanjaro

19,341 feet high

Highest peak in Africa

Highest free standing mountain in the World

Dormant volcano

Three cones

Kibo, Mawenzi, Shira

Sky IslandEndemic plant species only found on the mountainSlide18

Namibian Desert

Southern African coastal desert

1,200 miles long

Oldest desert on Earth

Coast sand seas/inland gravel plains

Watered by ocean fogsSlide19

Ostrich

Meerkat

Gemsbuck

JackalSlide20

The Big Five

Group Of The Most Dangerous & Largest Big Game Animals In Africa

African Elephant

Vulnerable

Black Rhino

Critically Endangered

Cape Buffalo

Least Concerned

Leopard

Near Threatened

Lion

VulnerableSlide21

Natural Resources

Oil

Largest industry in Nigeria

Greatest percentage of the GDP

Criticism for harming the countries economy

Natural degradation

Diamonds & Gold

South Africa, Congo, & BotswanaLarge scale, deep earth miningWorkers rights, poor conditions, etc.

“Blood Diamond” controversySlide22
Slide23

Historical HighlightsSlide24

Early Man

Early migrations out of Africa

H. erectus

1.8 million years ago

Great Rift Valley through the Levant

All hominid species developed in Africa

Minus Neanderthal

H. sapiensMigrated around 125,000 years agoNeolithic Revolution

Ethiopian Highlands, the Sahel, and W. Africa

Rice, yams, oil palm, and coffeeSlide25

Kingdom of Mali

Manden Kurufaba

1230-1600 C.E.

Mansa Musa

1280-1337

Devout Muslim, Hajj pilgrimage

Furthered Timbuktu’s influence

Driving force of West AfricaGold, salt, copper, and the slave tradeSlide26
Slide27

The Islamic Influence

1

st

continent to be looked to

Refuge for the persecuted

Adapted to African culture

Developed separately from Arabian or Asian Islam

Social autonomySpread byConquest in the North

Trade in the South

Considerable force in today’s AfricaSlide28

European Incursion

Colonization

First attempted by the Romans

Greater push into the Continent during the 18

th

& 19

th

centuriesCarving up the “Dark Continent”Early exploration restricted to the coast

1 to 2 year life span for white settlersSlide29
Slide30

…Continued

The Slave Trade

Viable economic source for West African kingdoms

Islamic coastal kingdoms

Exportation to the Islamic World, Europe, & the Americas

Slave

characteristics

Young malesInterior AfricansDesirable skills (part. for the New World)Farming, skin color, metal working, etc. Slide31

…Continued

The Civilization Process

“The White Man’s Burden”

Bring society, civility, and Christ to the heathens

By force or choice

Part of the colonial expansion

David Livingstone

Protestant missionaryVictorian heroDisappeared for 6 years

Henry Morton Stanley sent to find him

Died May of 1873Slide32

The Zulu

1879

British vs. the Zulu Kingdom

British attempted to bring South African unity

Boers & Zulu and obstacle

Early Zulu victories at Isandlwana

Boer ally, Paul Kruger

Battle of Ulundi clinched Anglo victorySaw dissolution of Zulu dynastyImprisonment of Chief Cetshwayo Slide33

The Boer Wars

Conflicts between Cape British and Transvaal Boers

Dutch/Afrikaans word for farmer

Boers free states in Orange, South African & Transvaal Republic

Persecution of Boer settlers

Concentration camps

1

st, Dec. 1880- March 18812

nd

, Oct. 1899-May 1902

Union of South Africa est.

in 1910Slide34

The Region TodaySlide35

Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale at a profit

Purchased by groups outside of agriculture

60% of Africans are employed in farming

3/5 of farmers subsistent farmers

African cash crops

Coffee, cotton, tea, & rubber

Global markets undercut prices African producers unable to competeSlide36

Rwandan Genocide

Began April 7, 1994

100 days of slaughter

Up to a million Tutsi and moderate Hutu killed

Prompted by years of ethnic tensions

Final blow was the death of the Rwandan president

Interhamwe, armed civilian groups

World was aware of the violenceLimited Western interventionSlide37

Apartheid

“Apart-hood”

Racial segregation of South Africa, 1948-1994

Suppressed movements of blacks

Allowed Afrikaner minority to maintain power

Separation of four racial groups

Black, white, colored, & Indian

Forced movements, educational separation, & removal of black citizenship (1970)Slide38

…Continued

Internal violence and protests

Reforms began in the 1980’s

1990- Pres. Fredrick Willem de Klerk begins negotiations to end Apartheid

1994-Multi-racial elections held

Nelson Mandela wins presidencySlide39

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela, 1918-2013

Political Activist

Spent 27 Years In Prison, Robben Island

Freed After The End Of Apartheid

First Democratically Elected President After Apartheid (1994-1999)

Proponent of equality and peace

Died of a respiratory infectionGlobal mourning upon his deathSlide40

Disease

HIV/AIDS

Origins in equatorial Africa, bush meat trade

First epidemic in Kinshasa in the 1970’s

Spread through unsafe practices

Major economic/societal drag for Africa

Ebola

Carried naturally by fruit batsSpread through contact with infected bodily fluidsHigh incidents of death

Bleeding, fever, kidney failure, etc. Slide41

Poaching/Ivory Trade

Taking animals illegally

Major source of income for poor Africans

Used for

Bush meat, illegal pet trade, traditional medicine, & tourist interests

Species decline

African elephant, black rhino

2011, 23 tons of illegal ivory seized (2,300 elephants)Countries stepping up with anti-poaching initiativesSlide42

Africa’s Future

Provisions of resources

Clean water, food, functioning space

Equality of education

Protection of human rights

Protection of natural resources

Advancements economically