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Atmosphere Essential Question: How are we changing our atmosphere? Atmosphere Essential Question: How are we changing our atmosphere?

Atmosphere Essential Question: How are we changing our atmosphere? - PowerPoint Presentation

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Uploaded On 2020-01-05

Atmosphere Essential Question: How are we changing our atmosphere? - PPT Presentation

Atmosphere Essential Question How are we changing our atmosphere Learning Goals Be able to identify the layers of the atmosphere Describe what molecules make up the atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere ID: 772042

air amp pollution atmosphere amp air atmosphere pollution ozone change global climate effects pollutants acid co2 carbon rain burning

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Atmosphere Essential Question: How are we changing our atmosphere?

Learning Goals: Be able to identify the layers of the atmosphere.Describe what molecules make up the atmosphere.

Atmosphere Atmosphere : thin layer of gases surrounding earth Troposphere : layer of atmosphere closest to earth (what we breath!)Is 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2)1%: H2O vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), & argon

A. Nitrogen - 78% - Dilutes oxygen and prevents rapid burning at the earth's surface. Living things need it to make proteins. B. Oxygen - 21% - Used by all living things. Essential for respiration. It is necessary for combustion or burning. C. Argon - 0.9% - Used in light bulbs. D. Carbon Dioxide - 0.03% - Plants use it to make oxygen. Acts as a blanket and prevents the escape of heat into outer space. E. Water Vapor - 0.0 to 4.0% - Essential for life processes. Also prevents heat loss from the earth. F. Trace gases - gases found only in very small amounts. They include neon, helium, krypton, and xenonCreate a Pie Chart and Describe Each Item

https://www.schooltube.com/video/d4985ed543054d03b968/Bill%20Nye%20Atmosphere Bill Nye: Atmosphere

Air pollution : build up of harmful substances in the air; 2 types:Primary Pollutants - pollutants put directly into air, already in harmful form Secondary Pollutants - form when primary pollutants react with each other or other substancesOzone = car emissions + UV light + oxygen gasSmog = ozone + NO2 + other stuff Atmosphere

Primary Pollutants : 1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) – colorless, odorless gas Sources: burning fossil fuels, vehicles, cigarettes Effects: Interferes with blood’s ability to carry oxygen2. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – red/brown, irritating gasSources: burning fossil fuels in vehicles & factoriesEffects: lung damage & cancer; acid rain 3. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – colorless, irritating gas Source: burning coal Effects: acid rain; lung damage Atmosphere

Primary Pollutants continued: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) = chemicals that form toxic fumes Examples: formaldehyde, chloroform, methane Sources: burning of fuels, factories Effects: smog; cancer Particulate matter = particles of liquid or solid in air Ex: dust, ash, smoke, pollenSources: burning coal, vehicles, construction, agricultureEffects: lung problems, cancer 6. Lead = solid toxic metal Source: leaded gasoline (banned in 1986 in US) , paint, batteries Effects: lead poisoning Atmosphere

Use your notes to fill out the chart in your notes.

Secondary Pollutants: Photochemical oxidants = products of atmospheric reactions driven by sunlight Important example: Ozone (O 3 )Effects: harmful to plants & animals, makes smog!Atmosphere

Word Breakdown Photo-: LightChemical: any substance produced by or used in a chemical process

1. Indoor Air Pollution: Mold & bacteria, Cleaning/ building materials, Radon Gas, Asbestos, CO (carbon monoxide), Cigarette smoke Sick building syndrome = headaches, fatigue, nausea, respiratory problems, due to work or home indoor air pollution Other Forms of Air Pollution Atmosphere

Atmosphere

2. Light Pollution: leads to: Diminished view of sky Wasted energy Affects animals’ biological cycles & migration Atmosphere

3. Noise Pollution= unwanted pervasive noise Intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB) For each 10-fold increase in dB, the sound intensity is 10X higher (for example: 30 dB has 100x intensity of sound than 10 dB) Hearing Loss has doubled in US in last 30 years ~12% teens have permanent hearing loss80 year old person in quiet Africa has better hearing than 30 year old AmericanAtmosphere

Note Break Which of these are primary pollutants?VOC Smog Particulates Ozone Carbon MonoxideWhich of the following are considered types of air pollution?Indoor air pollutionOcean acidificationEutrophicationSick-building syndromeNoise Pollution

Air Pollution Effects: On Human Health: Heart attack Lung cancer Asthma & Bronchitis Immune problemsThe World Health Organization estimates that 5-6 million people die prematurely every year from illnesses related to air pollutionAtmosphere

Air Pollution Effects: On Plants:Can cause discoloration & death Can reduce crop yields Sensitive crops, such as soybeans, show up to 50% reduction in yield after being exposed to oxidants in the air Damage may cost up to $10 billion per year in US Atmosphere

Air Pollution Effects cont.: Acid Precipitation = rain, snow, etc. with sulfuric (H 2 SO 4) & nitric (HNO3) acidsDue to SO2 and NOx (primary pollutants) reacting with H2O in air (Secondary Pollutants) Normal rain is slightly acidic (pH = 5.5) due to CO 2 & H 2 O in air → carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) Acid rain has pH < 5.0 pH is a measurement of how acidic or basic a substance is, each whole number represents a tenfold change in acidity. A pH < 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, > 7 to 14 is basic (alkaline) Atmosphere

Effects of Acid Rain Lowers pH of soil & water → harm or kill plants Changes water’s pH → kills fish & other organisms. Effects worse in spring: acidic snow melts & rushes into lakes → rapid change in pH, called acidic shock Can kill large numbers of fish & affect the reproduction of fish and amphibianshttp://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/acid-rain-invisible-menace/Atmosphere

Effects of Acid Precipitation cont. Effects on humans: Puts toxic metals into soil → crops, water, & fish Acids dissolve calcium carbonate in building materials → damage to buildings & monumentsConcrete, marble, and limestoneAtmosphere

Learning Goals Identify environmental factors that affect pollutionSteps humans have taken to regulate pollution

What is the term that describes the following definition: O3; a secondary pollutant of the troposphere?Carbon monoxide b. Sulfur dioxide C. Ozone d. Oxygen 2.What do we call a pollutant put directly into air by human activity, already in harmful form?Primary pollutant b. Secondary pollutant3. Light pollution can result in which of the following:A. Inefficient energy use b. Disrupting animal migrationc. Diminished view of night sky d. All of the above result from light pollution

Environmental factors that affect air pollution: Topography (mountains, valleys): Shape of the land 2. Climate ( temp. & precipitation)Seattle has great air quality because high rainAtmosphere

What environmental factors affect air pollution? 3. Wind currents Pollution from Great Lakes & Ohio found in Canada & Ireland Grasshopper effect : when volatile compounds evaporate from warm areas, travel by wind, & condense over cooler areasOver years, pollutants biomagnify in arctic food chainWhales, polar bears, sharks have shown dangerously high levels of pesticides, metals, etc. Atmosphere

What environmental factors affect air pollution? 4. Temperature Inversions = when a layer of warm air overlays cooler air Prevents wind currents from dispersing air pollution Occur in valleys where air movement is restricted; ex: Los AngelesAtmosphere

Normal rain is slightly acidic due to carbon dioxide and water reacting to form this acid:Battery b. Nitric c. Carbonic d. Sulfuric 2. The secondary pollutant nitric acid forms from which primary pollutant’s reaction with water? A. NOx b. CO2c. SO2 d. H2O

How is air pollution regulated? Clean Air Act (1970; 1990) Gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority to regulate car emission & industry pollution Eliminated lead in gas, required catalytic converters (cleans exhaust) Requires industries to use pollution-controlling devices - Scrubber: machine that dissolves many air pollutants in water Atmosphere

True or False. Air pollution can reduce plant crop yields and result in loss of money. A. True b. FalseThe majority of sulfur dioxide produced by industry comes from:A. Oil refineries b. Coal-burning power plants c. Chemical plants d. Dry cleaners Acid precipitation has a pH lower than:A. 1 b. 5c. 7 d. 9Acid rain reacts with the ______________ in building materials to cause damage:A. Calcium carbonate b. Limestonec. Magnesium bicarbonate d. Baking soda Note Break

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Ozone Depletion Atmosphere : made up of layers: Troposphere Stratosphere**MesosphereThermosphereExosphere

Ozone layer = layer in stratosphere where ozone (O 3 ) is highly concentrated Serves to absorb most of the UV radiation coming from sun; i.e., protects us! Ozone Depletion

Thinning of Ozone Layer aka Hole in Ozone Caused by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) & other chemicals that destroy ozone – esp. over Antarctica CFCs break down under UV radiation → form chlorine atoms, which convert O 3 into O2 + OCFCs were invented by General Motors in 1930s & used in fridges, air conditioners, insulation, aerosol, etc.In 1974, Rowland & Molina showed that CFC’s destroy ozone layer – took another 15 years for industries to comply Ozone Depletion

Montreal Protocol: 1987 international meeting where nations agreed to limit use of CFCs. Ozone Depletion Thinning of Ozone layer cont. Ozone loss = increased UV radiation – leads to: Skin cancerCataractsReduced immunityDeath of phytoplankton (disrupts food chain)

Ozone Depletion IMPORTANT NOTE: Ozone Depletion DOES NOT cause Global Warming! Ozone depletion increases UV radiation – NOT heat!≠

Global Climate Change

Climate = long-term weather conditions at a particular place Determined by: Latitude – most important – determines amount of sunlight Wind patternsOceanic current patternsGeographyWhat controls our climate? Global Climate Change

Greenhouse Effect = solar energy goes through the atmosphere & heats the earth; as this heat radiates up from Earth’s surface, some of it is absorbed by gases & warms the air Greenhouse gases (H 2 0, CO2, N2O (nitrous oxide),CH4 (methane)) trap heat in the atmosphereThe greenhouse effect is a natural process, without which it is estimated that Earth’s average temperature would be about 4°F (-16°C). Global Climate Change http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVyRa1iuMc

Global Climate Change To Blame: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) increasing in atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)

Global Climate Change Note on Carbon Dioxide (CO2) CO2 goes up & down in atmosphere each year: In spring/summer, northern hemisphere faces sun & plants do photosynthesis = low atmospheric CO2 In fall/winter, n. hemisphere faces away from sun & plants not doing photosynthesis = high atmospheric CO2 CO2 + H2O + sun = C6H12O6 + O2

Global Warming = increase in average temp. of Earth; “caused” by too many greenhouse gases, especially CO2 Global Climate Change = changes in precipitation, wind, storm intensities, & average temps. over time Evidence: 11 of 12 years from 1995-2006 were the warmest years since record-keeping began in 1850 100 year trend for 1906-2005 was a warming of 0.74˚C (1.3˚F) (the 1st half of this period rose ~ .07 ˚C per decade and the 2nd half of this period rose ~ 0.13˚C per decade). Changes in ocean temperature and sea levels (average sea level rise was 1.8mm/yr from 1961-1992 and ~3.1mm/yr from 1993-2003) Global Climate Change

Consequences of Global Climate Change Rising sea levels as ice melts → flooding, beach erosion Stronger storms Negative effects on agriculture & crop yields Loss of biodiversity due to weather changes, habitat changes, pests & diseases, changes to food webHumans affected by change in food & water supply, tropical diseases, extreme weatherGlobal Climate Change

Government Response to GCC: Kyoto Protocol = treaty written after 1997 international conference where global warming was recognized by the global community Treaty required developed countries to decrease CO2 emissions By 2008, 178 signed treaty, except US & Australia The use of alternative practices and regional initiatives, such as using alternative forms of energy (wind, methane, natural gas, and nuclear power) has helped reduce emissions in various countries and localities Global Climate Change

Air & Global Climate Change What you can do for GCC: Drive less : walk, bike, carpool Get a hybrid or electric vehicle Use less hot water: cooler showers, wash clothes in cold waterTurn down your thermostatProduce less waste & buy reusable products (not plastics – made from oil)Plant trees & support recycled paper