Blood Doping - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Blood Doping

By: Kale HintzSlide2

What is blood doping?

T

he misuse of certain techniques and/or substances to increase one’s red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina.

(WADA, 2011)

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6OPh_a11QASlide3

What are the most widely known types of blood doping?

-

Three most common are: erythropoietin (EPO), using your own blood, and using other’s blood.

(WADA, 2011)Slide4

What are synthetic oxygen carriers?

-

Synthetic oxygen carriers, such as hemoglobin

based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) or perflurocarbons (PFCs), are

proteins

or chemicals

that can carry oxygen.

Synthetic oxygen carriers appear useful for emergency therapeutic purposes when human blood is not available, the risk of blood infection is high or when there is not enough time to properly cross-match donated blood with a recipient. Misuse for doping purposes carries the risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to various serious side effects like: stroke, myocardial infarction, embolism.

(WADA, 2011)Slide5

What is EPO?

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EPO is a hormone produced naturally by the body. EPO is released from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.

An increase in red blood cells improves the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry to the body’s muscles. It may also increase the body’s capacity to buffer lactic acid.

(WADA, 2011)Slide6

What are the side-effects of EPO misuse?-

While

proper use of EPO has an enormous benefit in the treatment of anemia related to kidney

disease. Misuse can lead to serious health risks for athletes who use this substance simply to gain a competitive edge. It is well known that EPO, by thickening the blood, leads to an increased risk of several deadly diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism

.

The misuse of recombinant human EPO may also lead to autoimmune diseases with serious health consequences.

(WADA, 2011)Slide7

When was a test to detect EPO implemented?

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A test for EPO was introduced at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney (Australia). The test, validated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was based on blood and urine matrices. A blood screening was performed first and a urine test was then used to confirm possible use of EPO.

In June 2003, WADA’s Executive Committee accepted the results of an independent report stating that urine tests alone can be used to detect the presence of recombinant EPO.

Recently

, the urine test used for the detection of some new erythropoiesis stimulating agents was adapted for blood testing.

(WADA, 2011)Slide8

Can synthetic oxygen carriers be detected?

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Yes. A test was implemented in 2004.Slide9

What are the different types of blood transfusions for doping?

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There are two forms of blood doping: autologous and homologous.Autologous blood doping is the transfusion of one’s own blood, which has been stored

until needed.Homologous blood doping

is the transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type

.

Although the use of blood transfusions for blood doping dates back several decades, its recent resurgence is likely due to the introduction of efficient EPO detection methods.

(WADA, 2011)Slide10

Which forms of transfusions can be detected?

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A test for homologous blood transfusions (HBT) was implemented at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.WADA is funding research projects aimed at developing a test for autologous transfusions

.In order to further improve detection of abnormal blood profiles, WADA is leading the development of a strategy against doping in sport called the Athlete Passport, which is based on following athlete's biological variables over time.

(WADA, 2011)Slide11

What are the side effects of doping by blood transfusions?

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Like the other forms of blood doping, transfusions have serious medical consequences. Another person’s blood may contain a virus, which is unwittingly passed on during the transfusion.

An athlete uses his or her own blood, can put themselves at significant health risks if the procedure is not done properly or if the blood is not handled or stored in a proper manner.

Unnaturally

high red blood cell levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary or cerebral embolism.

(WADA, 2011)Slide12

Legal Case 1- UNITED STATES ANTI-DOPING AGENCY

v.

LANCE ARMSTRONG

(USADA, 2012)

These

eleven teammates,

of Lance

Armstrong, came forward and provided testimony against the US Postal Service Cycling Team-run blood doping operation: Frankie Andreu, Michael Barry, Tom Danielson, Tyler Hamilton, George Hincapie, Floyd Landis, Levi Leipheimer, Stephen Swart, Christian Vande Velde, Jonathan Vaughters and David Zabriskie.

Lance Armstrong was given the same opportunity to come forward and be part of the solution. He rejected it.Slide13

“The USADA found beyond reasonable doubt that Lance Armstrong engaged in serial cheating through the use, administration and trafficking of performance enhancing drugs and methods and that Armstrong participated in running the U.S. Postal Service Team as a doping conspiracy. Armstrong and his co-conspirators sought to achieve ambitions through a massive fraud now more fully exposed. The United States Anti-Doping Agency has found Lance Armstrong violated the applicable anti-doping rules, that his competitive results achieved since August 1, 1998, should be, and are, disqualified and that he is properly ruled ineligible for life according to terms of Article 10.10.1 of the World Anti-Doping Code.” (USADA, 2012)

Ruling-

Armstrong appear on Oprah January 17

th

2013, and admitted to blood doping in all seven of hi Tour e France win, and when asked if he could have won these races without the methods and drugs he said that in his opinion he could not have.Slide14

Legal case 2- International Association of Athletics

F

ederation (IAAF)

v.

Russian female track team

In August of 2008, the IAAF provisionally suspended six female Russian athletes of whom were listed to compete in Beijing.

These athletes samples raised suspicions that some Russian officials were involved in helping the athletes to manipulate the samples by providing "clean" urine from a source, or knowing of the drug-taking activities.

Drug-testers had been suspicious of the urine given by the Russians since 2006 because it regularly appeared too pure.

(

Magnay

, 2008)Slide15

The athletes involved in urine manipulation consisted of: Soboleva, 2001 world 5000 metres championYegorova (who had tested positive before the world titles to EPO but was allowed to compete after problems with the drug-testing procedure), distance runners

Fomenko

and Cherkasova, former world hammer record-holder

Gulfiya Khanafeyeva world championships silver medalist discus thrower

Dariya

Pishchalnikova

.Thee athletes were tested and suspended if found positive for the doping the doping tests(Magnay, 2008)Slide16

Works Cited

Butterworth, T. (2012).

The Kafkaesque Trial of Lance Armstrong: A Former

Fedral

Prosecutor On the US Anti-Doping Agency's Disregard For Due Process.

Forbes.

Magnay

, J. (2008, August 2).

Russia faces IOC action over drugs

. Retrieved 2014, from theage.com.au:

http://www.theage.com.au/news/latest-news/russia-faces-ioc-action-over-drugs/2008/08/01/1217097535147.html

USADA. (2012).

Statement From USADA CEO Travis T. Tygart Regarding The U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy.

USADA.

WADA. (2011, September).

World Anti-Doping Agency play true

. (W. 2014, Editor, & WADA,

Lightmaker

) Retrieved April 23, 2014, from www.wada-ama.org: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/q-and-a/blood-doping/