Collections of words that share the same root - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Collections of words that share the same root

WORD FAMILIESSlide2

The English Family TreeSlide3

SPEC = TO LOOK AT

SPEK

(PIE) –

Skopos

(GK) –

Specere

(L)

Spectra - to look at something a lot – to aim for

HF

- In

spect

- Respect - Aspect - Prospect - Expect - Suspect

Respect - turn one’s attention toward - look back at - in respect to

Expect - look out for - await

LF

- introspective - perspective - circumspect - retrospect

spec

ter - spectral - spectrum - spectacle - spectator - speculate –skeptic

Scopos

– to observe, target, watch

Scope

-

micro

scope

- stethoscope - periscope – telescope - horoscope

spec

ies – specimen

de

spise

- de

spic

able

Spy (spy – from

spek

or

spehon

)

Strobe (formally “stroboscope”

strobos

act of whirling)Slide4

VERSE / VERT = TO TURN, BEND

WERT

(PIE) –

versus

≈

vertere

≈

vergere (Latin) Verse versus Vert are variants in English. They may represent different meanings (converse – convert) or different parts of speech (inverse (adj) – invert (verb)) Verse: First adopted into Old English as fers (a line of writing), meaning at the end of the line you turn to the next. Reverse – Revert * Converse – Convert * Divert – Diversify Adverse – Perverse – Inverse - Traverse Version – Versus – Versatile – Vertical – Vertigo – VertebraSubversive – Diversion – Adversity – Controversy – Conversation – Reversal – ReversionConverge - Diverge – On the VergeConvertible – Incontrovertible – Irreversible Advertise – InadvertentAnniversary - UniversalExtravert – Introvert – Pervert

UNIVERSITY universitas - community ofmagistrorum - masterset scholarium - and scholars

UNIVERSE

varsitySlide5

PORT = journey, harbor, door

PRTU

(PIE) –

Poros

(Greek) –

Port

(Latin)

port - to carry or bearHF – report (to carry back) support (to carry from below) Sport (from now obsolete “disport” – carry in many directions)Opportunity – opportune (ob (to) favorite wind blows to port - important LF - comport – purport – rapport – portly – portfolioport – journey, gateimport - export – deport – transport (in, out, away, through)

Passport – portableport – harbor pore – passageport – porter – portable – emporium porous – osteoporosis carport - airport - seaport

* Diaspora (dia + scatter (sprout))Slide6

VOKE = TO CALL, TO SPEAK

WEKW

(PIE) –

Vocem

/

Vocare

(L) –

Voiz (Fr)HF – Invoke – Revoke – Evoke – Provoke Vocation - Provocation Vocational - Unprovoked Academic – Vociferous - Univocal Cf. Equivocal and EquivocationLF – Vocative - Ventriloquist - ConvokeVOICE – Vocabulary – Voiced - Voiceover Voicelessness - VoicefulSlide7

JECT = TO THROW

YE

(PIE) –

iemi

(GK) –

Jactare

/

Iactare (L) – Jeter (Fr)Inject – Eject – Reject – Deject - Abject Project – Projection – Trajectory Conjecture – Interject - IntrojectionObject – Subject – AdjectiveObjectify – Objectivity – ObjectionSubjective – SubjectivismJet – Jetstream – Jet plane – Jettison – Jet off Slide8

HIB = TO SEIZE, HOLD, HAVE

GHABH

(PIE) –

Habre

(L)

Habit

Habituate – Habitat Prohibit – Prohibition * Inhibit – Inhibition * Exhibit - ExhibitionAble - easy to be held or fit for a purpose (verbal adjective form of habere)AbilityEnable – DisableCapable – Capacity * Stable – StabilityDoable – a notable suffix addable to thousands of wordsIble - As above, but for words directly from LatinPossible, legible, flexible, audibleSlide9

STET = TO STAND

sta

(PIE) –

stasis/

statos

(GK) –

sistere

(L)Stet - To Stand, To Make Firm, To Set Down+ ABLE = Stabile – Stability – Unstable – InstabilityStance – Stare – Stay – State – Status – Statue – Stasis – Static Station – Stage – Steer – Stow – Stem – Stead – Stud – Stool – Staunch Distant – Distance – Destination – Obstacle – Obstinate Constant – Circumstance Instant – Instance – InstantaneousEstate – Ecstasy – Extant Substance – Insubstantial – Unsubstantiated Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc.Sistere (L) - To Place Consist – Insist – Persist – Assist – Resist – Subsist – Exist – DesistConsistency – Consistent – Consistence – InconsistentInsistent – Insistence * Persistent – Persistence * Assistant - Assist

anceSubsistence – Substitute – Superstition – Superstitious Restitution – Constitution – Institute – ProstitutionDestituteLess Obvious DerivationsRest – Restore (re) – Cost (com) – Post (pro) –Press (pre) – System (sys) – Solstice – Contrast Slide10

CUR = TO RUN

KERS

(PIE) –

Khouros

(GK) –

Correre

(L)

Currently – Current – Undercurrent – AC/DCCurrency – Courier – ExcursionCursor – Cursory – Precursor - CursiveRecur – Occur – ReoccurConcur – Incur Course – Discourse – Intercourse – Curriculum – Corridor Succor (sub) = helpCar – Carriage – Chariot Horse > hros > horskr > kursSimilar but DifferentCurve and Curb - to bend, turnCure – to care forSecure, Procure, Curate, Curious, Manicure, Accurate, etc. Slide11

TEND = To Offer, Stretch Out, Hand Over

TNU

(PIE)

- Tonos

(G)

-

Tendre

(Latin) – þynne (OE) THE SUFFIX – TAIN: attain, contain, detain, entertain, maintain, obtain, pertain, retain, sustainTender – Bartender – Tenderloin – Tenderize(r) Thin – Tendril – Tendon – Tendinitis Tense – Tension – Tend – Tendency Tenant – Tenement – Temple – Tenet Attend – Attendant * Contend – Contender Extend – Extender * Pretend – Pretender (LF) Portend – Distend - SubtendIntend – Intent – Intense – Intended – Intention Superintendent –Intensify – UnintendedExtenuate – Tenuous – Ostensible Double entendre – TennisTone – “a stretched string”, and thus: Tune – Tonal – Tonic Intone – Overtone – Undertone – Baritone – Monotone – Monotony – Catatonic Slide12

FER = TO BEAR, CARRY, TO PLACE

PER

(PIE)

-

Ferju

(ON) –

Ferian (OE)↘ Ferre (L) – Port (L)Ferry – Fertile – Proliferation – Aquifer – Conifer Differ – Difference – Differentiate – Differential – Differentiation Defer – Deference * Prefer – Preference * Refer – ReferenceConfer – Conference * Infer – Inference (N&V) Transfer – Offer Suffer – Lucifer – FuhrerCircumference – Vociferous – Somniferous – Odoriferous (LF) Efferent – Pestiferous – Splendiferous – Fossiliferous Related to FARE (N&V) – fær (OE) = Journey, Road, Passage Warfare – Welfare - Seafarer – Thoroughfare Past Participle of ferre (L) is latus = Bring, Borne, Carried Collate – Elate– Legislator – Ablative – Oblate Slide13

PLY = TO FOLD, BEND, TWIST, LAY

PLEK

(PIE) –

Plectere

/Plexus/

Plicare

(L) –

Ploi (OF) – Pli (MF) Ply – Plywood – Plight – Pliable – Pliers – Plait – Pleat Apply – Application – Applicant – Applicable Explicit – Explication – ExplicableImply – Implication – ImplicitDuplicate – Triplicate – Quadruplicate (2 noun forms: –tion + NV stress shift)Multiply – Multiplication Complicate – Complication * Replicate – ReplicationReply PAST PARTICIPLE FORMSDisplay

Ploy – Deploy – Deployment – Redeploy Employ – Employment – Employee – Employer – Unemployed – Unemployment Exploit – Exploitation Complex – Simplex – Multiplex – Duplex – Triplex – Googolplex – Solar plexus Slide14

DUCE / DUCT = TO LEAD, TO BRING

DEUK

(PIE) –

Teon

/

Togian

(OE) –

Ducere (L) – Duc/Duit (OF)Duct form from duc “lead” + tus “past” = “led past”Duct – Ductile – Duct tape – Aqueduct – Oviduct Dock – Douche – Duke – Duchy – Duchess – Ducal Abduct – Adduce – Deduce – Induce – Introduce – Traduce Prodúce – Próduce – ProductionCondúct – Cónduct – Conductor – Conduction – Conduit Subdue – Subduct – Subduction Circumduct – Circumduction Transducer ≈ Transductor Educe – Eduction Educate – Educator – Education – Re-educate – Uneducated

From Proto Germanic and Old English:Tow – Tie – Tug – Team– Taut – Teem Slide15

SPIRE = TO BREATH, TO BLOW

SPEIS

(PIE) –

Spirare

/

Spiritus

(L)

Spirit – Spirited – Spiritual – Spiritualist Free-spirited – Mean-spiritedAspire – Aspirant – AspirationConspire – Conspirator – Conspiracy – Conspiratorial Dispirit – Dispirited – Dispiriting Expire – Perspire – Respire – Suspire – Transpire Expiration – Perspiration – Respiration – Suspiration – Transpiration Inspire – Inspired – Uninspired – Inspiration Spirometer – Spiracle – Spirant – Sprite Slide16

Important Roots

Vise - “

visere

” – To Look At

Devise – Revise - Advise

Tract – “

tracter

” – To Pull TogetherDetract - Retract - Abstract – Contract - Extract Herent – “haerere” – To StickAdhere – Cohere – Inherent - IncoherentSlide17

Important Roots

THE

CIRCLE

Cycle - Circular,

Cf.

Cyc

lical and Circle

Circum – Circumnavigate, circumvent, circumference, circumstance…Bicycle – Motorcycle – Circus - Circuit THE SIGNA gesture or motion that is SIGNificant or reMARKable.Cosign – Consign – Resign – Design – EnsignSignage – Signal - SignifySlide18

Disambiguation & False Friends

Perspective – The way you see

A three dimensional perspective.

Perception – The ability to see (well)

This also includes simple awareness of something, an idea, or way of looking at things.

“That’s an inaccurate perception when you consider the facts.”

Vision – Plan for the future

Vision can mean perception in the physical sense. “He lost his vision in the war.”Visionary is the most common sense. “He has a vision for the company.”Scene – “scaena” – stage – cf. spectacle Scenario, Scene, Scenic, ScenerySlide19

Close but Different

Restrict

–

Exclude

–

Eliminate

Restrict – Strict – drawn together, tight, rigid

Straight (but not stretch), stringent, strainExclude – “claudere”– To shut + Ex - OutInclude, preclude, concludeEliminate – “limin” – Threshold + Ex – Thrust outPreliminaryAbandon – to put under another’s bond band to another (or no one) / band = bond Slide20

Close but Different

Approach – Encroach

Approach –

“

propiare

” – property/self + a – draw near

Reproach

Encroach – “croc” – hook + en – hook inThis word has a negative connotation as the action violates someone’s or something’s space.Roach – This is short for Spanish “cucaracha” and is something you DO NOT WANT to approach or encroach.