MHR LPC LADC Coordinator Alcohol amp Substance abuse center Oklahoma State University KIMPOSLICKOKSTATEEDU 405 7442818 Current Trends in Alcohol amp Substance Abuse on the College Campus ID: 157918
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Kim Poslick, MHR, LPC, LADCCoordinator, Alcohol & Substance abuse centerOklahoma State UniversityKIM.POSLICK@OKSTATE.EDU(405) 744-2818
Current Trends in Alcohol & Substance Abuse on the College Campus
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REALITY22.9% of full time collegestudents already meet theDSM-IV diagnostic criteria for
alcohol and / or drug abuse
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Wasting the Best and Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities (2007) In 2005, almost one in four college students met the medical criteria for substance abuse or dependence- triple that of the general population
From 1993 to 2005, there has been no significant decline in the proportion of students who drink
Binge drinking
frequently
is up 16%
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National Survey on Drug Use & Health (2011) Among full time college students:60.8 % were current drinkers39.1% were binge drinkers
13.6% were heavy drinkers22% were current users of illicit drugs
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Alcohol abuse - an overviewThe average number of alcohol-related arrests per campus increased 21% between 2001 and 2005In 2001,
97,000 students were victims of alcohol-related sexual assaults or date rape
The
culture of abuse
is taking its toll in student accidents, assaults, property damage, academic problems, illnesses, injuries, mental health problems, risky sex, rape and deaths
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Alcohol Poisoning
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Signs of Alcohol PoisoningUnconscious or Semi-consciousnessDifficult to awaken Mental confusion or stupor
Inability to stand or walk, or can do so only with difficultySlow Breathing Eight breaths or less per minuteIrregular Breathing
Eight seconds or more between breaths
Irregular heartbeat
Cold, clammy, pale or bluish skin
Repeated, uncontrolled vomiting
Loss of control of bodily functions (i.e. urinate or defecate on self)
Fever or chills
Difficulty speaking
Paranoid, confused, or disoriented
Seizures
Absent reflexes
Snoring or gasping for air
4.7 standard drinks in a single can
Four
Loko
:
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Fraternity and Sorority MembershipAlcohol use Greek (88.5%) non-Greek (67.1%)Binge drink Greek (63.8%) non-Greek (37.4%)Drink and drive Greek (33.2%) non-Greek (21.4%)Current marijuana use Greek (21.1%), non-Greek (16.4%) Cocaine use Greek (3.1%) non-Greek (1.5%)
Tobacco use Greek (25.8) non-Greek (20.7%)
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Marijuana UseSource: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and other Drug Abuse and Violence Prevention (2008) US Department of Education“Marijuana use among students at institutions of
higher education”
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MarijuanaMarijuana is the most frequently used illicit drug in the U.S., with approximately 14.8 million Americans over the age of 12 reporting past-month use in 2006.”In 2000, annual prevalence hovering between 30% and 35% among college students.Marijuana considered gateway drug—serving as an introduction to the drug scene.Problems associated with marijuana use = social and behavioral problems including isolation, poor academic performance, violence and crime.
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MarijuanaDecrease reaction timeDifficulty listening and speakingImpaired or reduced short-term memoryImpaired or reduced comprehension
Impairments of learning & memory perception, problem solving and judgmentAltered sense of time
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MarijuanaReduced ability to perform tasks requiring concentration and coordination such as drivingAltered motivation and cognition making acquisition of new information difficultParanoiaIntense anxiety or panic attacksPsychological dependence and some experience physical withdrawal symptoms
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MarijuanaFirst line of defense should be academics because this is where the amotivational syndrome, also known in therapy circles as the “dude” phenomenon, shows up.
Academic issues first sign:
Procrastination
Lack
of follow through
Not
turning in
assignments
in time
Dropping
grades
Missing
class etc.
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Drug Use – an overviewAbuse of controlled prescription drugs in the past month has skyrocketed. 1993-to 2005Proportion of students using prescription painkillers up 343%Stimulants up 93%Tranquilizers up 45
0%Sedatives up 225 %Daily marijuana users more than doubled (4%)
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Office of National Drug Control Policy (Whitehouse.gov)Prescription DrugsMany students perceive the misuse of prescription drugs to be safer and more socially acceptable than other forms of drug use
“Prescription drug abuse is the nation’s fastest-growing drug problem, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has classified prescription drug abuse as an epidemic.”
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:Prescription Drugs Most Commonly Abused by College Students
SubstanceOther
Names
Immediate Intoxication Effects
Negative Health Effects
Sign of use
Pain Relievers
Oxycontin
,
Oxycodone,Tylox
,
Perdodan
, Percocet,
Lortab
, Demerol,
Darvon
,
Darvocet
, Codeine, Morphine,
Methodone
Pain relief; euphoria; drowsiness; respiratory depression and arrest; nausea; confusion; constipation; sedation; unconsciousness; restlessness
Bone & Muscle pain;
drowsiness; seizure; coma; respiratory depression; decreased heart rate
Constricted pupils;
Pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature down;
Droopy eyelids; itching; dry mouth; low raspy voice
Sedatives/ Tranquilizers
Benzos
:
Xanax
,
Ativan
, Valium, Librium,
Klonapin
Sleep Meds:
Ambien
, Sonata,
Lunesta
Slurred speech; shallow breathing; sluggishness; fatigue; disorientation and lack of coordination; dilated pupils reduced anxiety ; lowered inhibitions
Seizures; impaired memory, judgment & coordination; irritability; paranoid; suicidal thoughts; sleep problems
Drunk like appearance; disoriented; drowsiness; slurred speech; pulse and body temp. low
Stimulants
Adderall
, Ritalin,
Concerta
,
(as well as cocaine, meth and amphetamines)
Caffeine and Sugar are milder stimulants
Increased alertness, attention, and energyIncreased hostility or paranoia; dangerously high body temp; irregular heartbeat; cardiovascular failure; lethal seizuresPupils Dilated; pulse, blood pressure and body temp elevated; restlessness; excited; runny nose; body tremors; grinding teeth; irritable; loss of appetite; insomnia
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Current Designer DrugsJWH-018 (K-2 or Spice) - a syntheticcannabinoid (fake marijuana)Reportedly 4-5x stronger than THC in marijuana
Effects last between 30 minutes-2 hoursOften laced or sprayed on plant materials and smokedPanic attacks, agitation, heart problems, anxiety, numbness, tingling, vomiting, hallucinations, tremors and seizures
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Current Designer DrugsMDPV (Bath Salts) also known as K4 Rage,Cloud Nine & Ivory WaveSimilar effects to meth, MDMA, ecstasy & cocaineAnxious, jittery behavior, lack of appetite, decreased need for sleep, paranoia, hallucinations, violence and self-mutilation
Rapid heart rates, suicidal thoughts, kidney failure increased blood pressure, renal failure and death.Easily available in convenience stores, tattoo parlors, truck stops. Sold in small bags of crystalline powder and is addictive.
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Current Designer Drugs2C-I (Smiles)Usually sold in white powder form and can be melted into chocolate candy, but can also be taken as a tabletBoth a hallucinogen and a stimulant- has been linked to recent teen deaths
Can cause heart to beat out of control, seizures and foaming at the mouthYOU NEVER KNOW WHAT YOU ARE GETTING WITH DESIGNER DRUGS
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Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and UniversitiesSurvey of 2,000 studentsInterviews with 400 college and university administratorsIn-depth analysis of 6 national data sets
Interviews with key researchers and other leaders in the fieldReview of 800 articles
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Factors Driving College Student Substance Use and Abuse The college environment normalizes and encourages rather than restricts substance use and abuseStudents model the behavior of parents and peers
The more ingredients or reasons, the greater the risk of abuse (p.6)
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Mental Health IssuesCollege students who report seriously having considered attempting suicide in the past 12 months are more likely than other students to engage in binge drinking, marijuana use other illicit drug use and smoking (p.5)
CASA survey found that students diagnosed with depression are more likely to have abused prescription drugs, to have ever used marijuana, or other illicit drugs and to be current smokers
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USA Today 8-10-2012 Liz Szabo“Prescription drugs cause most of the more than 26,000 fatal overdoses each year”, says Leonard Panlozzi of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (
surpassing heroin and cocaine combined)Number of deaths
tripled
from 1999-2006
Higher risk of addiction if they are depressed or under stress because drugs provide a sense of well-being and euphoria.
With use at
high doses, the margin of safety is small.
Only 39
States have databases to track narcotic prescriptions
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Christina Lanier, Erin Farley 2011. “What Matters Most?”Author suggest- to the extent we accept that college drug is part of a cultural “time-out” in which drug experimentation is acceptable and permissible- the worse our problems will be.
Their conclusion- “with poly drug use emerging as the most influential predictor for non-medical prescription drug use, campus-based educational and prevention programs should address the larger pattern of poly-drug use behavior versus educational programs that target individual drug types”.
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Lanier and Farley Conclusions“In particular, educational programs need to focus on the cultural norm that permit a ‘time-out’ for students.” “This problematic
‘time-out’ culture that is pervasive on college campuses, facilitates drug use, abuse and experimentation among undergraduate
students.”
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ChallengesOur students don’t know how to entertain themselves Many students are socially immatureLow impulse controlCan’t delay gratification—they want computer games, rapid texting and immediate responses
Drugs on TV advertising Rx drugsNumb or ignorant to side effects
In a time of
crisis may be only time they listen
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Best PracticesUse licensed counselors to treat drug and alcohol abuse or psychiatrist with medical management of drugsEducate doctors at Health ServicesReferrals by conduct office
Work closely with Greek communityEducate academic advisorsUse
of assessment and treatment
Greek
Life informal evaluation
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Best Practices: Student Health CenterWrite smaller less potent Rx Write out number of tablets given #12 (twelve)Check urine if suspect higher than prescribed use or
check number of pillsFind source of pain and deal with source if possibleOffer alternative p
ain
management—electrical stimulation, non-steroids, muscle relaxers
Required use
of statewide
drug registry – 5 minutes to register
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Suggestions from National Center on Addiction and substance Abuse (Colombia Univ.)Challenge the prevailing campus climate- stop believing that alcohol and drug experimentation and use is simply a right of passageCreate clear substance use policies and enforce themChange student attitudes, beliefs and expectations about drug use –education, enforcement
Engage Parents more effectively (use parental notification)Increase substance-free eventsMonitor progress (research- CORE, Harvard Study)
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Recommendations continuedHelp students cope with stress, time and work managementTarget prevention messages to groups at higher risk –freshmen, athletes, GreeksExamine academic week-teach and test on FridayInvolve students in prevention/education effortsTrain faculty, staff and students to recognize signs and symptoms of substance abuse
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Thank youQuestions????31