Overview Method Selection Animal species Number of animals Space and equipment needed Pathogen and its ability to persist or spread Environmental issues Soil characteristics Water sources ID: 181712
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Slide1
Carcass Disposal
OverviewSlide2
Method Selection
Animal species
Number of animals
Space and equipment neededPathogen and its ability to persist or spread
Environmental issuesSoil characteristicsWater sourcesAir qualityPublic health issuesRegulations
Just In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide3
Carcass Disposal Methods
Burial
Subsurface Disposal/Landfills
IncinerationCompostingRenderingJust In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide4
Burial
Excavated trench or pit
Decomposition and heat
Puncture/vent carcassesMinimize accumulationof gasesDisplacement and
shift of soilSoil characteristics criticalJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide5
Burial: Construction and Design
Trench area
4-8’ deep x 6’ wide
Site size/areaDepends on species,age/size, quantity42 cubic feet per1 adult bovine OR5 pigs/sheep OR
40 chickensLiners to minimize seepage
Just In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide6
Regulations and Monitoring
Consult State regulations
Sites highly regulated
Depth, width, length, max sizeEnvironmental impactGroundwater monitoringSurface water sources
Air quality/odorRecord site GPS locationJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide7
Burial: Considerations
Quick
, easy,
inexpensiveEquipment generally readily availableTakes large areas of landDifficult in cold weather conditionsEnvironmental impactsWater sourcesOdor
ScavengersPublic oppositionJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide8
Landfills
Public and
privately owned
LicensedExisting siteLeachate and gas collection systemsMinimal environmental risk
Highly regulatedResources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Carcass degradation may take longerJust In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide9
Landfills: Considerations
Immediately available
Minimal environmental risk
May have limited capacityOwner acceptance and terms of useTransportationBiosecurityCostPublic opposition
Just In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide10
Incineration
Thermal destruction
High-temp combustion
Various fuel sourcesMethodsOpen-air burningFixed-facility incinerationAir-curtain incineration
Just In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide11
Incineration: Considerations
Complete combustion
Limited
capacityAir pollutionTransportationBiosecurityRegulations
State approval for processLicensingTrained personnelPublic oppositionJust In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide12
Composting: Design
Carcasses layered with organic material
Microorganisms
heat pathogen destructionIndoor or outdoorBin or static windrow (pile)
RequirementsCarbon:nitrogen ratio25:1 to 40:1Biofilter layer
Just In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide13
Composting: Process
Two phases
Active phase
Aeration essentialCuring phase
Monitor frequentlyAerationOdor, vector control
Just In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide14
Composting: Considerations
On-site process
Adaptable process
Nutrient rich end productTransport of co-compost materialPredators and scavengers
Just In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide15
Rendering
Off-site process
Transport of carcasses
Heat conversion intoMeat and bone mealFat/TallowWaterDry renderingBatch or continuous process
Tell renderer cause of deathJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide16
Rendering: Considerations
Facilities have procedures for biosecurity, wastewater, byproducts
Process closely
regulatedTransport of carcasses to siteBiosecurityLeak proof containersCoordinationTemporary storage may be needed
Just In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide17
Alkaline Hydrolysis
NaOH
or KOH hydrolysis
Sterile aqueous productAdvantagesHighly automatedNo emissions, minimal odorDisadvantagesEffluent disposal
Lack of availabilityJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide18
Carcass Disposal Considerations
Site location
Soil topography and area
Slope, permeabilityProximity to water sources, public areasSubsequent use of siteRegulationsEnvironmental impacts
Water source contaminationAir qualityScavengersJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide19
Carcass Disposal Considerations
Biosecurity
Personal protective equipment
Movement controlCleaning and disinfectionSite securityUnauthorized personsLog book
Warning or restriction signsSite security personnelJust In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide20
Carcass Disposal Considerations
Transporting infected
materials
Closed, leak-proofLiquid collection/absorption systemRequired permitsApplicable laws/regulationsSafety Issues
Physical and psychologicalRegulationsPublic perceptionJust In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide21
Disposal of Other Products
Milk, wastewater, feed, grain, manure, bedding, wool
Similar options as for carcasses
Site selection guidelines applyLand application following treatment for manure, litter, slurry
Just In Time Training
Carcass Disposal: OverviewSlide22
Resources
USDA Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness (FAD
PReP
) Guidelines: Disposalhttp://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emrs/nahems.shtmlUSDA Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness Standard Operating Procedures (SOP): Disposalhttp://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/tools/aphis_role_emergency_tools.shtml
Just In Time TrainingCarcass Disposal: OverviewSlide23
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture
Authors: Molly Peebles, BS; Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM