Catholics are Christians Dont ever ever make that mistake again Things We Have Already Covered Catholics are Christians Christianity is an umbrella term NOT a synonym exclusively for evangelical ID: 272342
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Slide1
Catholic History in North America
Catholics are Christians
Don’t ever ever make
that
mistake again!Slide2
Things We Have Already Covered
Catholics are
Christians: “Christianity”
is an umbrella term, NOT a synonym exclusively for evangelical
Protestantism
Columbus and contact between Europeans and Native Americans
Temporal proximity of contact (1492) and Reformation (1517)
Virgen
de Guadalupe (1532)
California Mission system (1769-1833)
French
v
. Spanish manner of Catholic proselytizingSlide3
Catholic population in the United States
1790: 35,000 (mostly
MD &
PA)
1800: 50,000
1820: 250,0001830: 750,0001850: 2,000,0001860: 4,000,000 (16x greater than 1820)1880: 6,000,0001900: 12,000,0001915: 15,000,000 (≈4x greater than 1860)1960: 45,000,000 (3x greater than 1915)2000: 60,000,0002010: 65,000,000 (.5x greater than 1960)
The United States currently has the fourth largest population of Catholics in the world, behind
1. Brazil
2. Mexico
3. The Philippines
About 25% of U.S. population is Catholic – it is the single largest denomination of Christianity in the U.S.Slide4
British Colonies and Catholicism
Catholics were rare in the British colonies
Small Catholic presence in Maryland
French-settled areas, such as Quebec, had more Catholics
British colonists afraid of Catholics, due to wars between England and France, and religious trepidations
After French and Indian War, Quebec became part of British empire. This angered the colonists, and found a place among the complaints made to King George IIISlide5
Catholicism in the Early Republic
French assistance to American revolutionaries led to loosening of anti-Catholic prejudice
Bishop John Carroll, and his brother Charles Carroll of Maryland, were patriots in the revolutionary cause
Bishop John Carroll sets the tone for institutional Catholicism in the new nationSlide6
Bishop John Carroll (1735-1815)
Inspired by revolutionary ideas
Wanted an educated American Catholic population
Established Georgetown University in Washington DC
Argued for religious tolerance of all sects
Based Catholic hierarchy in Baltimore
Bishop
Carrol
laying cornerstone of Baltimore BasilicaSlide7
Three Great Waves of Immigration
Immigration to the United States has ebbed and flowed, due to
Political considerations
Push and pull
Economic considerations
Push and pullEscape from tyranny and oppressionDesire for religious freedomEase or difficulty in transportation technologySlide8
First Wave of Immigration
WHEN
: 1820-1850
FROM
: Northern Europe: Germany,
Scandinavia, British Isles: Ireland, Scotland, EnglandPRINCIPAL RELIGIONS INVOLVED: Roman Catholicism (Ireland, Germany) Judaism (Germany) Mainline Protestants: Presbyterianism (Scotland) Lutheranism (Scandinavia, Germany)
Episcopalianism
(England)
STARTED WHEN: U.S. survival and success had been assured
ENDED
DUE TO: Impending Civil War in U.S.Slide9
Second Wave of Immigration
WHEN
: 1870-1924
FROM
: Southern Europe: Italy, Portugal,
Greece, Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia, West Asia (Middle East): Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, East Asia: China, JapanPRINCIPAL RELIGIONS INVOLVED:Roman Catholicism (Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Poland)Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Syria)
Judaism
(Russia, Poland
)
Buddhism
(Japan, China
)
Islam
(Syria, Palestine, Lebanon)
Sikhism
(India)
STARTED WHEN: Industrial growth and urbanization needed labor
ENDED DUE TO: Anti-immigrant sentiment and laws (incl. SCOTUS decision)Slide10
Third Wave of Immigration
WHEN: 1964-????
FROM: Eastern Europe: former Soviet Union, former Yugoslavia
East Asia: Korea, China, Philippines
West Asia (Middle East): Iran, Lebanon, Palestine South Asia: Pakistan, India Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand Latin America: Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Caribbean PRINCIPAL RELIGIONS INVOLVED: Roman Catholicism (Latin America, Philippines, Vietnam) Evangelical Christianity (Korea, Latin America)Buddhism (Southeast Asia, China, Korea)Islam (Pakistan, India, Palestine, Iran) Hinduism (India)Sikhism (India)
STARTED WHEN: President Lyndon Johnson changed immigration law
NOT YET ENDED!Slide11
Immigration and the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church makes substantial gains in each wave of immigration to the United States
Religion plays key roles for immigrants by providing links to homeland, traditions, language, and educated spokespersons in the clergy
'Emigrants Leave Ireland',
by
Henry Doyle (1827–1892),
published 1868Slide12
The First Wave of Immigration
1820-1850s
German Catholics and Irish Catholics
German Catholics mostly middle-class farmers from southern Germany
Establish monasteries and institutions of higher learning
Concentrated in MidwestIrish Catholics are very poor due to potato famineConcentrated in port cities of East coast (NY, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore)Endure extreme prejudice Slide13
Irish-American Catholics
Irish potato famine
Oppression of Irish by England
Irish Catholicism as a “badge of ethnicity”
Kept the Irish distinct from English
Provided articulate spokespersons in clergyMost Irish and Irish-American farm families encouraged at least one son and one daughter to join the Catholic clergySlide14
Irish-American Catholics
Prejudice against the Irish immigrants ran high
Their clergy became politically active, and helped set the stage for the political success of the IrishSlide15
Bishop John Hughes (1797-1864)
Born in Ireland
Comes to U.S. in 1817
Becomes Bishop of New York in 1838
Outspoken advocate of Catholicism
Supports Irish immigrantsOpposed to AbolitionBishop Hughes laid out for burial, 1864
Mathew Brady, photographerSlide16
Irish-American clergy
The Irish immigrants included substantial numbers of clergy
The numbers of Irish, and their command of English, meant that Irish-American clergy quickly came to dominate the American Catholic Church
Los Angeles’ Archbishop Cardinal Roger
MahonySlide17
Changes are Happening…in 2011!
Los Angeles’ Archbishop Cardinal Roger
Mahony
New bishop, José
Horacio
GómezSlide18
The Second Wave of Immigration
1870 to 1924
Southern
& Eastern
Europe, Philippines
Second Wave of Immigration createsVast increase in Catholic populationVast increase in Catholic ethnic diversityNational Catholic ParishesSchisms among Catholics over ethnicityDisputes among Catholics over lay controlDisputes over labor politicsAmericanism heresySlide19
Some Catholic Ethnicities in Second Wave
Italian-Americans
Polish-Americans
Portuguese-Americans
Hungarian-Americans
Slovenian-Americans…among othersSlide20
Italian-American Immigration
Largely from southern Italy
Catholicism celebrated in cultural festivals and loyalties
Some political distrust of magisterium, and some cultural disregard for magisterium
Poor upon arrival
Staying in East Coast port citiesEarn the ire and contempt of Irish-American clergySlide21
Portuguese-American Immigration
From communities used to fishing and maritime trades, from the Azores as well as Portugal
Widespread national religious festivals help Portuguese immigrants retain their culture in the U.S.
Festival of the Holy Spirit
Festival of the Blessed SacramentSlide22
Polish-American Immigration
Polish immigrants were escaping from the constant warfare that marked their unfortunate homeland
They had a fervent desire to maintain their culture
Polish-Americans saw themselves as virtually a culture-in-exile
Polish language particularly important to maintain
Searching for political alternativesSlide23
Assimilation v. Maintaining Culture
The Irish-American clergy urged new immigrants to assimilate
Learn English
Eat American food
Obey the clergy
Irish and Italians clash because of their constant proximityMany arriving immigrants in the Second Wave had good reason to resist the call to assimilationPoliticalEconomicBarriers to assimilation
Polish immigrants so resent the Irish-American call to assimilation, that they move to other regionsSlide24
The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC)
Polish immigrants in Scranton, Pennsylvania, form their own Catholic church, separating from the Vatican but maintaining Catholic ritual and theology
Their leader, Francis
Hodur
(1866-1953), received “Apostolic Succession” to mark this schism, 1897Slide25
The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC)
Polish immigrants wanted US civil rights to also be spiritual rights
PNC
is run
democratically
parish advisory board votes on many matters, including doctrinal onesPNC laywomen could vote on church matters prior to suffrage! even the Bishop is elected by the people
Parish priest at PNCC in Stratford, CTSlide26
Oh NO!
The Catholic church DETESTS schism! The Catholic church works like a family, trying to keep all parties together in the discussion, even when there are differences
The Irish-American Catholic clergy and hierarchy were terrified by the PNCC schism, because what if *every* ethnic group did this?
They weren’t about to, because most groups were not as politically motivated or well-organized as the Polish-American immigrants, but the Catholic magisterium did not know that for certain at the timeSlide27
Catholic National Parishes
The answer: organize churches around ethnic communities
Priests who speak the language
Support for immigrants during life-cycle moments, employment searches, education, etc.
U.S. bishops went to European places from which immigrants were leaving, to recruit young priests
U.S. magisterium had to abrogate a rule from the Council of Trent (1565!) concerning geography and parish membershipSlide28
Catholic National Parishes
Became centers of cultural distinctiveness, giving way to very gradual assimilation
Story of Holy Cross Slovenian Catholic Church in Fairfield, CTSlide29
Holy Cross Slovenian Catholic Church
Story of Holy Cross Slovenian Catholic Church in Fairfield, CT
They have a Facebook page:
Holy Cross FB pageSlide30
Five Wounds Portuguese Catholic Church, San José
Established by the community 1914
Used wood from Portugal exhibit at San Francisco world’s fair
Celebrates Portuguese mariners in anteroom!
Still operating as a Catholic National Parish because of the ongoing arrival of Portuguese-speaking immigrants…though this is an endangered statusSlide31
Five Wounds Portuguese Catholic Church, San José
Five Wounds is based on Braga Cathedral
Slide32
Important American Catholics for Further Discussion
Dorothy Day – Left-wing Catholic social worker, newspaper editor, and pacifist
Father Coughlin – Right-wing Catholic radio personality in the 1930s
Thomas Merton – American Catholic monk and mystic
Fulton Sheen – American Catholic bishop, intellectual, and media star in the 1950s
Vatican II – general conference of the Catholic church, held in the early 1960s, that brings reform and ecumenism to the foreSlide33
Important American Catholics and Issues for Further Discussion
John F. Kennedy – Irish-American
politician; first
(
and,
to now, only) Catholic President of the United StatesThe Berrigan brothers Cesar Chavez Right v. Left split politicallyAbortionBirth ControlForeign Policy and MilitarismThird Wave of ImmigrationAsian Catholics (Vietnamese, Filipino)
Increase in Latino CatholicsSlide34
Current Supreme Court (2011)
How many can you name?
How many are Catholic?Slide35
Current Supreme Court (2011)
Seated, Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Standing, Sonia
Sotomayor
, Anthony Kennedy, Stephen
Breyer, Elena KaganSlide36
Current Supreme Court (2011)
Seated: Clarence Thomas (RCC), Antonin Scalia (RCC), Chief Justice John Roberts (RCC), Samuel Alito (RCC), Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Judaism)
Standing: Sonia
Sotomayor
(RCC), Anthony Kennedy (RCC), Stephen
Breyer (Judaism), Elena Kagan (Judaism) – first time ever no Protestant!