Chapter 14 The Nuts and Bolts of other specialized designs Developmental Designs Longitudinal designs treat age as a withinsubjects variable In a longitudinal design participants are tested at different ages in their lives ID: 766215
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Chapter 14: The Nuts and Bolts of other specialized designs
Developmental Designs Longitudinal designs treat age as a within-subjects variable. In a longitudinal design, participants are tested at different ages in their lives. For example, a single sample of participants may be tested at age 5, at age 10, at age 15, and at age 20. In other words, each participant provides observations at each of the ages tested in the study. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs Cross-sectional designs are developmental designs that treat age as a between-subjects variable. These designs compare different age groups of participants, where each participant contributes data for only one age group. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs A cohort-sequential design is a developmental design where multiple samples of participants of different ages are followed over time and tested at different ages. Cohort-sequential designs begin with separate samples of different age groups, as in a cross-sectional design. Then these age groups are tested multiple times as they develop to allow participants to be tested at multiple ages, as in a longitudinal design. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sources of Bias Attrition/mortality : occurs when participants choose not to complete a study.Testing effects: occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing.Generation/cohort effects: a confound that can occur in cross-sectional designs due to different experiences that different generations have. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Small-n Designs Small- n designs are experiments conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals. These designs are sometimes called single-subject or single-case designs, but they often include more than one participant; thus, small- n is a better descriptor of this design type.The goal of a small-n study is to understand an individual’s behavior, either to better describe the behavior as it occurs for many individuals or in order to change that behavior. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Small-n Designs Discrete trials design Baseline design McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Discrete Trials Design H elp researchers describe basic behavioral processes, such as the way that information is forgotten in memory. Lower variability across trials increases the validity and reliability of the measurement of a behavior. D iscrete trials designs allow for good tests of causal relationships for behaviors where there are few individual differences. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Discrete Trials Design In current psychological research, discrete trials designs are typically used by researchers who study the basic processes of psychophysics and learning, also called the experimental analysis of behavior. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Baseline Design Experiment or quasi-experiment done on an individual or small group of similar individuals to examine effects of treatment on undesirable behavior.The goal is to determine if a treatment creates a desired change in the behavior of interest, a technique also called behavior modification. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Baseline Design A-B-A/reversal design measure baseline behavior, given treatment, measure baseline again.A common variant of this procedure is the A-B-A-B design, where the treatment is then implemented a second time to determine if the behavior still changes with implementation of the treatment. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Data Analysis in Small-n Designs Because there are no group means to present in small- n designs, data are often presented for the individual participants in the study (with no identifying information to protect their confidentiality). Inferential statistics can only be used in baseline designs if a large number of observations is collected for each individual. Inferential statistics are sometimes reported for discrete trials designs for within-subjects variables that are manipulated in these types of designs. McBride, The Process of Research in Psychology. Third Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.