I Scientific Discoveries Scientific Discoveries Two principal authorities during the Middle Ages Ancient philosophers Church tradition The Scientific Method Recognize the inadequacy of existing knowledge to explain a given question ID: 508224
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Chapter 15: Age of Reason
I. Scientific DiscoveriesSlide2
Scientific Discoveries
Two principal authorities during the Middle Ages:
Ancient philosophers
Church traditionSlide3
The Scientific Method
Recognize the inadequacy of existing knowledge to explain a given question.
Perform observations in an attempt to find possible answers.Slide4
The Scientific Method
Seek to find a pattern in the observations on which to base conclusions or theories.Slide5
The Scientific Method
Choose the most appropriate hypothesis to explain the observations.
Test the hypothesis by further observation and experimentation.Slide6
The Scientific Method
Limitations of science
Can explain how, but not why
Cannot make moral judgments
Limited to what can be observedSlide7
The Scientific Method
Other limitations
Man has finite abilities
Presuppositions
Scientific knowledge is constantly expandingSlide8
The Scientific Tools
Telescopes
Microscopes
Thermometer
Barometer
MathematicsSlide9
The Scientific Revolution
Astronomy
Geocentric Theory
Nicolaus
Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Opposed by Roman Catholic Church
Johannes
KeplerSlide10
The Scientific Revolution
Astronomy
Galileo
Galilei
Telescope
Isaac Newton
Mathematics
Laws of gravity
PrincipiaSlide11
The Scientific Revolution
Medicine
Andreas Vesalius
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Father of Anatomy
Paracelsus
Use of chemicalsSlide12
The Scientific Revolution
Medicine
William Harvey
Father of Experimental Biology
Heart is a pump
Edward Jenner
Developed smallpox vaccinationSlide13
The Scientific Revolution
Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Boyle’s law relating the pressure of a gas to its volume
Joseph Priestley
Discovered several important chemical substancesSlide14
The Scientific Revolution
Chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Father of modern chemistry
Law of conservation of matterSlide15
The Scientific Revolution
Contributions in Other Scientific Fields
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Microscope
Gerhardus
Mercator
MapsSlide16
Chapter 15: Age of Reason
II. Intellectual AttitudesSlide17
Intellectual Attitudes
Age of Reason
Enlightenment
Reason was the gateway to human progress
Rationalism
Reason the only sure source of knowledge and truthSlide18
Forerunners to the Enlightenment
Inductive reasoning
Sir Francis Bacon
Novum
Organum
Specific cases to a general conclusionSlide19
Forerunners to the Enlightenment
Deductive reasoning
René Descartes
Reason aided by mathematics
Doubt everything
Uses
p
remises and logic to arrive at more complex truthSlide20
Explanations of Reality
Descartes
Dualism
Two types of reality:
Mind
Matter
Only reason can discover truths about the physical worldSlide21
Explanations of Reality
Baruch Spinoza
Reason must judge whether Bible is true or not
Bible not relevant to present day
PantheismSlide22
Explanations of Reality
John Locke
Empiricism
All knowledge comes through experience
Mind of a baby like a blank tablet
Rejected doctrine of original sinSlide23
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
Philosophes
Social reformers
Challenged established values and institutions
Championed a secular society
Believed man could solve society’s problemsSlide24
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
John Locke
Political reform
People possess natural and unalienable rights
Two Treatises of GovernmentSlide25
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
Montesquieu
Looked to England
Separation of three powers of governmentSlide26
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
Voltaire
Outspoken critic
Hated organized religion
Advocated a religion ruled by human reasonSlide27
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
Denis Diderot
Encyclopédie
Expressions of Enlightenment philosophy
Officially opposed by French government and the Roman ChurchSlide28
Spokesmen of the Enlightenment
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Favored emotion and sentiment over reason
Father of Romanticism
“Back to nature”
The Social Contract
Government should carry out the “general will” of the peopleSlide29
The Religion of the Enlightenment
Deism
Faith in reason instead of the Bible
Rejection of supernatural
Man is basically good
The universe as a machine
God was merely a “First Cause”Slide30
Chapter 15: Age of Reason
III. Spiritual AwakeningSlide31
Pietism in Germany
Philipp
Spener
Meetings in his home
Pia
Desideria
Collegia
pietatis
August
Francke
Halle
Educational institutionsSlide32
Pietism in Germany
Nikolaus
von Zinzendorf
Became leader of Moravians
Herrnhut
Pietist
weakness: Elevated personal experience over sound doctrineSlide33
Revival in England
John Wesley
“Methodist”
Conversion
Ministry
Extensive preaching
Methodist societiesSlide34
Revival in England
George Whitefield
Britain
Seven trips to American coloniesSlide35
Awakening in the American Colonies
Great Awakening
Traveling evangelists
Local pastors
Jonathan Edwards
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Slide36
Awakening in the American Colonies
Results
Conversions
Missions
SchoolsSlide37
Chapter 15: Age of Reason
IV. Artistic ReflectionSlide38
The Baroque Age in Art
Mannerism
16
th
century
Artists did not strive for realism and balance
El Greco
Baroque
1600 to about 1750Slide39
The Baroque Age in Art
Baroque
Grand
Dynamic
Heroic
Active
Swirling
Sensual
EmotionalSlide40
The Baroque Age in Art
Giovanni Bernini
Architect, sculptor, painter
Peter Paul Rubens
Painter
Needed to hire assistantsSlide41
The Baroque Age in Art
Rembrandt van Rijn
Great Dutch painter
Chiaroscuro
Visual interpretation of ScriptureSlide42
The Neoclassical Period in Art
18
th
century
Orderly, formal, calm, balanced
Art should conform to certain restrictionsSlide43
The Baroque Age in Music
Composers gradually turned from polyphony to homophony
Trend was toward secular musicSlide44
The Baroque Age in Music
New types of musical compositions, including opera, ballet, & oratorio
Instrumental music became more important; development of orchestraSlide45
The Baroque Age in Music
Instrumentalists usually accompanied vocal numbers
Italian musical markings became standard for musicSlide46
The Baroque Age in Music
Claudio Monteverdi
Operas
Opera became popular
G. F. Handel
Oratorios
MessiahSlide47
The Baroque Age in Music
J. S. Bach
Primarily church music
Prolific composer
Passion According to St. MatthewSlide48
The Classical Age in Music
1750 to early 1800s
Style
Types of compositionsSlide49
The Classical Age in Music
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wrote much music
Father of the SymphonySlide50
The Classical Age in Music
W. A. Mozart
Enormous ability
Excelled in many types of musical compositions
Ludwig van BeethovenSlide51
Literature in the Age of Reason
Imitation of classical works
Neoclassical
Molière
Playwright
ComediesSlide52
Literature in the Age of Reason
Alexander Pope
Poet
Satire
Jonathan Swift
Prose writer
Satire
Gulliver’s TravelsSlide53
Literature in the Age of Reason
Novels
Daniel
DeFoe
Robinson Crusoe
Samuel Richardson
Pamela
Edward Gibbon
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire