Sachin Kumar and Pardeep Chauhan TERI Content About TERI Infrastructure development Solid bricks resource consumption Clay fired REBs Energy Saving potential About TERI An independent notforprofit research organization established in 1974 ID: 566440
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Slide1
Options for Walling Materials and benefits of using REBs in building construction
Sachin
Kumar and
Pardeep
Chauhan
TERI Slide2
Content
About TERI
Infrastructure development
Solid bricks – resource consumption
Clay fired REBs
Energy Saving potentialSlide3
About
TERI
An independent, not-for-profit research organization established in 1974
Pursuing activities related to energy, environment, and sustainable development
Staff strength of over
1200
drawn from multidisciplinary and highly specialized fields
Great emphasis on capacity building and education. Set up TERI university in 1999 offering doctoral and master
programmes
Based in New Delhi; regional
centres
in southern; western and north-eastern India; and staff presence in Japan and Moscow
Affiliate: TERI-NA in Washington DC, TERI-Europe in London, TERI-Gulf in DubaiSlide4
Energy Efficiency studies
Energy Efficiency
+
Environment
Energy efficiency
+
Environment
+
Policy
Energy efficiency +Environment +Policy +Capacity building (Ind. Focused)+Technology demo./ dissemination +Social issues
1993
Energy efficiency +Environment +Policy +Capacity building (Ind. Focused)+Technology demo./ dissemination +Social issues+Knowledge sharing
TERI’S initiatives in Brick
Sector
Technology demo./ dissemination +Social issues+Energy efficiency +Environment +Policy +Capacity building (Ind. Focused)+Knowledge sharing (Firemen focused)+Zig-zag Technology+Alternate Walling Materials
2001
2006
2009
SDC, UNDP, USEAP, ESPS,
Entec
AG, Stratus consulting,
DFID and CPCB Slide5
Infrastructure development
In 2012, shortage of 18.78 million housing units in urban India (
MoHUPA
)
Housing demand at the end of 12
th
FYP will be 88.78 million housing units (Cushman & Wakefield, 2014)
Total Floor space requirements by 2030 will be 41 billion square meter (McKinsey 2009)Initiatives likeSmart cities MissionHousing for all by 2022Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
Demand of Total Floor Space in India (in billion square feet)- McKinsey 2009Slide6
Increase in Urbanisation
Census years
Number of urban agglomeration/ town
1901
1827
1911
1824
1921
1949
193120721941225019512843196123631971
25901981
3378199137682001516120117935Source : Census data of various yearsSlide7
LULC Class
Area in Sq.km 2007
Area in Sq.km 2015
Built-up, urban
251.45
328.88
Built-up, Mining
9.53
30.17
Agriculture, plantation14.2442.61Forest, deciduous
25.8826.03Wasteland
0.120.78Uncultivable land17.425.66Built-up, rural235.66233.25Agriculture, cropland4789.48
4655.49
Agriculture, fallow
0.095.88Grass/grazing
26.781.53Barren2.130.5wetland, inland13.6116.66Increase in built up areaSource : BhuvanSlide8
Indian Brick Sector: Estimates for Resource Consumption
Sr
No.
Parameter
2000-01
study
2013-15
study*
1
Number of brick kilns90000221000 Clamp kiln58000175000 Bulls Trench kiln (BTK)3100042000
2Annual brick production (billion)
1442363Annual coal consumption (million tonnes)24314Annual biomass consumption (million tonnes)3145Annual top soil consumption (million m3)
259424
6Annual water consumption (million m
3)130213* Joint analysis by TERI and PSCSTSlide9
Energy Consumption
Source:
MoSPI
(2015)Slide10
S.No
.
State
No. of brick kilns
Annual Brick Production
Annual Coal Consumption Annual biomass consumption
Billion(Million tonne)(Million tonne)1Uttar Pradesh1553157.77.92.12
Maharashtra1666328.3
3.30.23Gujarat3153319.84.41.24Bihar656419.74.3
5Punjab
3239
18.72.00.76
West Bengal425014.92.9 7Haryana281114.10.22.58Tamilnadu6562311.90.43.09
AP & Telangana
80469.31.3
1.410
Rajasthan18499.2
0.1
1.811MP23216
8.3
1.3
0.2
12
Karnataka
2136
5.3
0.8
13
Orissa
12315
4.5
0.7
0.1
14
Chattisgarh
8563
3.8
0.3
0.315Kerala170502.2 0.216J&K6351.90.3
Indian Brick Sector: Estimates for Resource Consumption
contd
…Slide11
Brick kiln distributionSlide12
Brick: Walling Matetial
Signature
mark of the entire Indus Cultural
Tradition (7000 BC)
Preferred walling material across globe
Solid and hollow bricks: load bearing as well as non-load bearing walling material in wooden or concrete
framesSlide13
Energy Share of Materials (%)
Materials
Single storey
Double storey
Four storey (RCC)
Bricks
41
40
18Cement333644
Steel91023Others171415Source: A. Debnath et al. (1995)Slide14
Perforated bricksSlide15
Specifications for burnt clay perforated building bricks(IS 2222:1991 (REAFFIRMED 2007))
Size: 190x90x90 mm (modular); 230x110x70 mm (Non-modular)
Perforation
Area : 30 to 45%
uniform distribution
Area of each perforation shall not exceed 500 mm
2
Thickness of shell and web should not be less than 15 mm and 10 mmMinimum Average Compressive strength: 7 N/mm2 on net areaWater absorption shall not be more than 20 % (24 hour immersion)Slide16
Hollow Blocks
Source: WienerbergerSlide17
Size (Hollow bricks)190x190x90 mm
290x90x90 mm
290x140x90 mm
Size (Hollow Blocks)
400x200x200 mm
400x150x200 mm
400x100x200 mm
HollowsVolume of holes shall be more than 25% of total volumeHollows at right angle or parallel to bearing surfaceMinimum Average Crushing strength: 3.5 N/mm2 Water absorption shall not be more than 20 %
Specifications for burnt clay
hollow bricks and blocks for Walls and Partitions (IS 3952: 2013)Slide18
Source: Wienerberger
Source: WienerbergerSlide19
Cooling Energy savings in Buildings constructed using REBs
Cooling Energy Saving in Buildings Constructed using REBsSlide20
The building sector (comprising of residential and commercial sectors) contribution to the overall electricity consumption (from utilities) has grown from 15% in the year 1970-71 to 34% in year 2010-11.
And at present it has reached up to 37%.Slide21
Electricity Consumption Distribution in Commercial BuildingsSlide22Slide23Slide24
G+15
Area
= 256000 ft
2
Window
Wall Ration WWR = 30%
U roof = 2.53 W/m
2 = 0.445 Btu/h-ft2-FGlass = Single clear 6mm , SHGC = 0.815, U glass = 1.087 Btu/h-ft2-FNormal Brick U value = 2.187 W/m2 = 0.385 Btu/h-ft2
-FHollow Brick 200, U value = 1 W/m2 = 0.178 Btu/h-ft2-FInsulated Hollow Brick 200, U value = 0.6 W/m2 = 0.105 Btu/h-ft2-FPerforated 110 Bricks, U value = 1.716 W/m2 = 0.302 Btu/h-ft2-FHVAC type = Central Chiller Plant ( Chiller (kW/TR) = 0.6752)
Inputs for Building ModelSlide25
Climate Zone
24 hours use buildings Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centres
etc.
Daytime use buildings
Other building types
Maximum U-factor for overall assembly
W/m2-deg
CMaximum U-factor for overall assembly W/m2-deg C
CompositeU-0.261U-0.409Hot & DryU-0.261U-0.409Warm & HumidU-0.261U-0.409ModerateU-0.409U-0.409
ColdU-0.261U-0.409
ECBC recommended U-valuesSlide26
Hot & DrySlide27
CompositeSlide28
Warm
& HumidSlide29
ModerateSlide30
Cooling Energy Saving in Buildings in different Climate ZoneSlide31
Monetary
Savings Slide32
Thank YouSlide33
Criterion 8 – Energy Efficiency.
Criterion 9
– Renewable Energy.
Criterion 19 – Achieving Indoor Comfort requirements (Visual, Thermal and acoustic).
Criterion 20 – Reduction in Embodied energy in Building Structure.
GRIHA