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Research methods in emotion Research methods in emotion

Research methods in emotion - PowerPoint Presentation

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Research methods in emotion - PPT Presentation

Lecture 2 Picture source Amsterdam Centre for Cross Disciplinary Emotion and Sensory Studies Friendly note This lecture is important for your term paper Manipulating emotions Part 1 Emotions ID: 614608

disadvantages emotions people advantages emotions disadvantages advantages people emotion recall pictures anger social give report measures false experimenter manipulate requires time cognitive

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Slide1

Research methods in emotion

Lecture 2

Picture source: Amsterdam Centre for Cross Disciplinary Emotion and Sensory StudiesSlide2

Friendly noteThis lecture is important for your term paperSlide3

Manipulating emotionsPart 1: Emotions as IVSlide4

Why manipulate emotions?The best way to demonstrate causalityExample 1“Anger results when something bad happens to people and others are responsible for it.Something bad happens + other people are responsible + self not responsible

 AngerWhat are the IVs and DVs?Slide5

Why manipulate emotions?Example 2“People who experience anger caused by one person will displace their anger towards another person”What are the IVs and DVs?Slide6

Common ways to manipulate emotions in the labRecall

Emotional film, passage, music, or picture

Vignette or

guided

imagery

False

feedback

Facial

poses

Giving/taking

Social interactions

Natural events

Unobtrusive

primesSlide7

Recall“Recall a time when you felt sad”The above won’t work; you need to give prompts“Think of a time when you felt sad. Picture this in your mind. Why did you feel sad? What happened? What did you do? How did you react? Try

to recall as many details of the incident as you can, as vividly as you can.” Slide8

RecallAdvantagesEasy

to implementGenerally effectiveDisadvantages

Memory biases

Hard to control for content differences between people

Some people will tell you they never experienced [Emotion X] before (if you have never been in love, how do you know what love feels like?)

Slide9

Film clips, songs, picturesAngerDonald TrumpSongs by Linkin ParkPictures of middle fingers, people shouting, etc.

A word about picturesThere are standardized picture sets (e.g., IAPS, RaFD, etc.) Slide10

Film clips, songs, picturesAdvantagesEasy to implement

Allows for well-controlled parameters (crucial for fMRI, EEG experiments)Generally effectiveDisadvantages

May need equipment (at least a laptop)

T

he

stimulus may not be involving

enough

Not all emotions can be manipulated this way (how can you manipulate embarrassment with pictures?!)Slide11

Vignettes or guided imagery“You were suppose to meet your professor at 9 am. You are not an early riser, but this was the only time he could make it. You woke up early, skipped breakfast, reached at 9 am, and waited outside his office. By 9:30 am, he came strolling into office. Your professor remarked that you should have emailed him last night to remind him of today’s meeting. How would you feel?”

This method is similar to recall, except that it is more directed (the content is generated by the experimenter)Slide12

Film clips, songs, picturesAdvantagesEasy to implement

DisadvantagesRequires participants to be

willing

and

able

to imagine events

Demand characteristics

Manipulated emotions may reflect cognitive scripts, not actual feelingsSlide13

False feedbackStep 1Participants fill in a series of personality questionnairesStep 2Experimenter “tabulates” the score

Step 3Experiment returns 5 mins later and tell participants one of the two scripts (next slide)Step 4 Measures participants’ aggressionSlide14

False feedbackSocial acceptance“You're the type who has rewarding relationships throughout life. You're likely to have a long and stable marriage and have friendships that will last into your later years. The odds are that you'll always have friends and people who care about you.”

Social rejection

“You're the type who will end up alone later in life. You may have friends and relationships now, but by your mid 20s most of these will have drifted away. You may even marry or have several marriages, but these are likely to be short-lived and not continue into your 30s. Relationships don't last, and when you're past the age where people are constantly forming new relationships, the odds are you'll end up being alone more and more.”

Twenge

et al.

(2001). If you can't join them, beat them:

Effects

of social exclusion on aggressive

behavior.

J Per

Soc

Psy

.Slide15

False feedbackAdvantagesRealistic

DisadvantagesEthically problematic

Requires well-trained research assistants (RA’s script needs to be standardized, their facial expression must not give them away, etc.)

More than one emotion may be induced (will people feel angry instead of sad?)Slide16

Social scenariosAnger: Pass sexist commentsHappiness: Give them $$$Disappointment: Make them lose $$$Embarrassment: Make them do public singingPride: Have them win against a worthy opponent

Love: Act flirtatiously towards the participantSlide17

Social scenariosAdvantagesVery realistic = effective

Can be simple to execute (e.g., passing sexist comments, making people wait 20 mins for experimenter)Disadvantages

May

be unethical

Good acting skills required

May

also

entail a complicated set-upSlide18

Natural eventsEarthquake, 911, rainy day, polluted days, terrorist attackStrictly speaking these are not manipulationSlide19

Social scenariosAdvantagesEffective

Realistic and involving

Disadvantages

Requires fortuitous events

Different

people may have different emotional responses to the same eventSlide20

PrimingSubliminalFlashing pictures (e.g., angry faces) or words; diffusing smellsSupraliminalScrambled sentence taskWord search

Fill-in-the-blanksSlide21

PrimingSupraliminalScrambled sentence task

the down was I dumps in

I

was down in the dumpsSlide22

PrimingAdvantagesRarely raises suspicion = low demand characteristics

Supraliminal priming is easy to administerDisadvantages

Subliminal priming requires special software

Effectiveness is sometimes doubted (yet it can be effective)

Not so involving

Possible ethical issues? Slide23

So, what’s the best way to manipulate emotions?There is an inevitable trade-off between achieving impact, and having control over the manipulationThere are also other constraints need to consider e.g., ethics, ability of experimenter, etc.

There is no “best way”.Slide24

Measuring emotionsPart 2: Emotions as DVSlide25

Why measure?The nature of scientific evidence means that phenomena needs to be observableObservable = quantifiable = measurableMeasures need to be reliable and valid (recall SRM II)Slide26

Common ways to measure emotionsDirect Self-ReportIndirect Self-ReportCodable

Behavioral ResponsesReaction TimesPhysiologyNeural ActivationSlide27

Two main classifications of measurement

Verbal Measures(Self-Report)

Non-Verbal Measures

Direct

Self-Report

Indirect

Self-Report

Behaviors

Reaction Times

Facial Expressions

Physiological Changes

Neural Activation

Vocal

Patterns

“Are you in

love with

her now?”

“Do you feel

like kissing

her now?”Slide28

Direct self-reports

Should you include a label for the questionnaire?

Should you use 1-7 or 1-9 scales instead?

Do you want participants to rate all emotions? Will they think they have to rate only one emotion?

Are your instructions clear?Slide29

Direct self-reportsAdvantages

…Disadvantages

…Slide30

Indirect self-reportsYou can ask other things indirectly related to the emotionsInstead of “Do you like him?”

You can askBehavior: “Would you agree to go out with him for coffee?”Motivation: “Would you ask for his number?”Slide31

Indirect self-reportsAdvantages

…Disadvantages

…Slide32

Behavioral codingLiking: How far did participant sit from target?Anger: How much hot sauce did they give target?Disgust: Gagging responseInterest: Eye gaze (especially for infants)

Note about validity: Beware of other behaviors from Rorsarch inkblots, TATs, etc. Note about reliability: Often behaviors need to be coded by multiple raters for inter-rater reliability (e.g., is it a flirtatious kiss or a friendly snog?)Slide33

Behavioral codingAdvantages

…Disadvantages

…Slide34

Cognitive activationsReaction time (e.g., shooter game)Knowledge activationA _ G _ RBoth assume that if an emotion is active, it speeds up the relevant cognitive processingSlide35

Cognitive activationsAdvantages

Gives insights about the cognitive processesLow demand characteristics – responses are almost impossible to be controlled (responses > 2000 ms

are usually eliminated)

Disadvantages

Requires programming, special software, controlled lab conditions

Sometimes there is ambiguity to what RTs meanSlide36

Physiological markersHeart rateSkin conductanceElectromyographyBlood pressureSkin temperature

Respiration rateBlood, saliva, urine contentMetabolic rateFacial expressions (Mona Lisa)

Special equipment needed

Sometimes very expensive

Time sensitive

Temperature sensitive (e.g., salivary cortisol)Slide37

Physiological markersAdvantages

Can be used in samples that are unable to give accurate self-report ratings (e.g. children, the mentally ill, animals)Gives the impression that such measures are more scientific

Disadvantages

(see previous slide)

+

Sometimes researchers assume that

each emotion is associated with a specific physiological

activation, which is false Slide38

Neurological markersPET, fMRI – excellent spatial resolution, poor temporal resolutionEEG – excellent temporal resolution, poor spatial resolutionCan give clues about the underlying neural mechanismsSlide39

Physiological markersAdvantages

Can be used in samples that are unable to give accurate self-report ratings (e.g. children, the mentally ill, animals)Gives the impression that such measures are more scientific

Disadvantages

(see previous slide)

+

Sometimes researchers assume that

each emotion is associated with a specific

neural activation, which is false Slide40

Valid measurementsValidity: Are you measuring what you claim you are measuring?Validity and demand characteristics are compromises an experimenter needs to decideThere is no “best” measurement; it often depends on the research question, commonsense, and experimenter’s judgment callSlide41

Design issuesPart 3Slide42

Within-subjects vs. between-subjectsAre you are concerned about carryover effects?Do you want to study behaviors?Do you want to study neural activations?Do you want to study emotion changes?Do you have a small sample size?

_________________________________________________________

___________________

___________________

Q: When do you use mixed designs?