challenge Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo AKIBODE A fiavi C aca université de L omé email akibodecyahoofr T él 228 90 14 45 45 ID: 776204
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Slide1
The AUC International conference on Africachallenge Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
AKIBODE
A
fiavi
C
aca
université de
L
omé
email:
akibodec@yahoo.fr
T
él: (+228) 90 14 45 45
Slide2Outline
1. Introduction
2.Literature review
3. The evolution of social spending and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS
countries
4.
Quality of services and the education expenditures in Togo
5. Conclusion and policy implication
Slide3Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
Introduction
Good
governance is not simply desirable but essential conditions for development in all
societies.
Good governance is a key to development effectiveness (World Bank, 2007
).
Poor budget management has frequently been cited as one of the main reasons why governments in developing countries find it difficult to translate public spending into effective services (World Bank, 2003
).
Slide4Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
In
most countries in Africa, the public sector plays a dominant role in providing the educational services necessary.
As such, this spending can be influenced by different factor among which we have Governance.
In
Togo Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) was reported at 5.0501 % in 2016, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators
Slide5Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
According
to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance In 2017 the average score of Africa countries is 49.9 over 100.
In
Togo the Ibrahim Index of African Governance in 2017 was 49.1 which is an improvement while the same index was set to 43.9 in 2008; from 2008 to 2017, Togo gain 5 point.
Slide6Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
This graph show the trend of governance, Human development, education and Health index of Togo over 2008 to 2017 based on Mo Ibrahim Index. We find that Governance and Education have the same trend.General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government.
Source: Author base on Mo Ibrahim Index
Slide7Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
Over
recent years, government has increased efforts to improve the state of education in the country due to the fact that it may be considered to be the core element in eliminating poverty and developing the foundations of an egalitarian society.
Togo’s education system has face several challenges.
To
deals with those challenges, the government’s
education strategy 2014-2025
was establish and it focuses on four key strategies
:
develop
a quality basic education to achieve universal primary education by 2022
,
extend
preschool coverage in rural and poorer environment,
Slide8Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
develop
the second cycle of quality secondary, technical, vocational, and higher education courses, and
reduce
the illiteracy rate.
Togo has devoted a significant part of
its
budget spending to axis 3 (development of
human
capital, social protection and employment), 37% on
average
. That
represent
the
largest
endowment
compared
to the axes
4 and 2,
whose
respective allocations are 26% and 9.6%.
A situation
that allowed to
allocate
about 60% of the budget of axis 3 to the sector of education, 26.1% to the
health
sector and 3.6% to the sector of the social protection.
Slide9Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
Also
, the
increase
of the revenues of the State during these last
year’s
made
it
possible to
increase
the expenditure
financed
from
internal
resources in the social
sectors
to 84 billion CFA in 2009
against
149 billion FCFA in 2014 (28,1%).
This
shows that
special
attention has been
paid
to the education sector in order to
achieve
the goals set for the education sector and
alleviate
poverty
.
All these actions was done in perspective in perspective to refining the education system by Improving the management and governance of the education system by implementing a reliable information system, decentralizing management, and increasing accountability and transparency
Slide10Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
As
Governance is one of the main objectives of the Togo education Plan, in regards to the evolution of education spending and the improvement in governance index or level
,
what
is the effect of governance on education spending in Togo?
.
Slide11Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
Objectives
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of governance on education expendituresSpecifically we will analyze: the evolution of education expenditure over the period 2000 -2015 in Togo the effect of corruption on education spendingthe quality of service offered in education
Results
The result of our analysis shows that
The level of education expenditures is in perfect regression between 2000-2015
The level of this education expenditures vary with the level of corruption. Also a high level of corruption influence negatively the education spending.
the
quality of the service in
education: the
frequency of repetition, the lack of resources, teaching context (book availability, state of classroom, teachers salary etc. are factors that affect the quality of service in
education in Togo.
Slide12Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
T
his
paper
which is an descriptive analysis is organized as follow
The
s
ection
2
provide
a brief review of the links
between
governance and social
spending;
The sections
3
discuss
the
evolution
of social spending and the effect of corruption on social spending in Togo by
giving an overview concerning the ECOWAS
countries;
The
section 4
provides
a brief summary regarding the
quality of services offered in relation to expenditures made in
education
;
We
finally conclude in section 5.
Slide13Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
2.Literature review
Recent
work has
identified
good governance as a factor in the
efficiency
of public social spending on social indicators and
growth
(Mauro, 1998).
Rajkumar
and
Swaroop
(2002) have
shown
through an international
comparison
and an
estimate
on panel data
covering
the
period
1990-1997, that good governance (
measured
by the degree of corruption and the
quality
of
bureaucracy
) has a positive impact on the
efficiency
of public investment spending
.
Delavallade
(2007)
goes
further by
showing
that
bad
governance in addition to
undermining
the
execution
of public
expenditures
through
leaks
and diversions also
introduces
distortions
in the budget
preparation
phase.
This
affect the allocation expenses and their
effectiveness
Slide14Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
Putnam (1993), Mauro (1995), La Porta (1999) and
Hauner
(2008) have
examined
the
determinants
of the
efficiency
of these resources
asserted
that the
level
of
economic
development of a country has an effect on the
efficiency
of the
expenditures
allocated
to the education
sector.
Becker
(2008) argues that countries with favorable
regulatory
environments
show
greater
efficiency
and
effectiveness
in using spending in the education
sector.
In
other
hand, corruption
provides
more
difficulties
for
governments
to provide basic services,
such
as public education services.
Slide15Governance and optimization of social spending in education in Togo
This situation has an impact on
poor
population,
who
need public services
including
education services. In this perspective, corruption
could
results
in
decreased
ability to
invest
in education and
limited
access
to
educational
services,
leading
to a
lower
human
capital accumulation.
Several
empirical analyses found that government spending on education is negatively and significantly associated with higher levels of corruption
Mauro
(1998),
Delavallade
(2006
).
De
la Croix and
Delavallade
(2007, 2009
),
Kaufmann, Kraay and
Zoido-Lobaton
(1999) by investigating the relationship between a variety of governance indicators, including control of corruption and development outcomes,
educational
outcomes provide the evidence that improved control of corruption leads to better adult literacy rates
.
Slide163. The evolution of social spending and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS countries
Descriptive Analysis in ECOWAS
To enrich our analysis a comparison has been made between Togo and the other ECOWAS countries in perspective analyze the situation of Togo in terms of corruption and expenditure on education compared to other countries of the communities.For these countries, to reduce economic and social vulnerability and the impact of other shocks are a way to promote the productivity of household by raising their purchasing power and supporting child development particularly through education
Graph 1 Mean of education expenditure ECOWAS Countries
The
analysis of this graph demonstrate that the social spending on education vary from one country to another. The countries such as Ghana, Cabo Verden and Sierra Leone have the highest investment in term of social spending on education on average 6% followed by Burkina Faso, Ivory coast (4%). Togo is among the countries that have made less expenditures in education after Mali and Benin.
Slide173. 3. The evolution of social spending and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS countries
Graph 2 Mean of corruption index based on the data from Heritage foundation index
The Corruption Perception Index CPI is based on a 100-point scale in which a score of 10 indicates very little corruption and a score of 0 indicates a very corrupt governmentThe level of corruption vary from one country to another. The score of all of the country of ECOWAS is below the average (50) and the indices vary from 20 to 40. However, it appear that efforts are made to improve the level of corruption. Cabo Verde and Ghana have the highest indice with a score of 40 on average which indicate that these countries are less corrupt than other countries like Senegal, Benin Burkina Faso which score is around 30. Togo occuped the last position with a very low corruption index after Sierra Leone and Niger. This mean that the level of corruption is very high in the country.
Slide18Graph 3 Mean of corruption index based on the data from ICRG index
The Corruption Perception Index CPI is based on a 100-point scale in which a score of 10 indicates very little corruption and a score of 0 indicates a very corrupt
governmentMost of these countries have the score between 2 and 2.5 except for Togo and Niger which indices is less than 2. Gambia, Senegal, Guinea are less corrupt than the other such us Ivory coast, Ghana Mali etc. The score of corruption level in Togo is around 1,5 which classify the country at 9th position after the Burkina Faso. Also this graph shows that corruption level in Togo is very high. The graph did not show the trend of corruption in Cabo Verde and Benin because of the unavailability of data.
Conclusion
The analysis of the graph 2 and 3 based on the using of Heritage Foundation Index and ICRG index, lead us to conclude that, although the level of corruption is improving (30), the score is still below the average (50), which means that efforts still need to be made to improve the level of corruption
Slide193. The evolution of social spending and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS countries
Corruption and education expenditure in Togo
Graph 4: Trend of Corruption in Togo
The Corruption Perception Index CPI is based on a 100-point scale in which a score of 10 indicates very little corruption and a score of 0 indicates a very corrupt government.The graph 4 shows the evolution of corruption from 1995 to 2015. The level of corruption in this period the level of corruption has improved even though the score is below the average (50). With a score of zero in 1995, 1996 and 1997 which mean that the country is very corrupt, the level of corruption of Togo has improved a little from 1998 to 2006 with the score (10) which mean there is a little corruption. We notice an important improvement between 2006-2007 with a score ranging from 10 to 30 followed by an instability of the level of corruption over the rest of the period. Globally we find that the level of corruption in Togo from 1995 to 2015 has improved but the scores in the period still below the average (50).
Slide203. The evolution of social spending and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS countries
Corruption and education expenditure in Togo
Graph 5: Mean of government expenditure on education
By analyzing the evolution of government expenditures on education in Togo, we find that it decrease perfectly from 2000 to 2005. From 2005 to 2014 education expenditure has been stable around 3% of GDP
Slide213. The evolution of social spending on education and the effect of corruption on social expenditure in Togo with an overview of ECOWAS countries
Corruption and education expenditure in Togo
Graph 6: The evolution of corruption and government expenditure per year.
We analyze this graph and find that the level of government spending vary with the level of corruption. Specifically the graph shows that where the level of corruption is close to the score of 1 which mean a little corrupt country, the level of the education spending also decrease. In 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2015 it’s noted the increasing of education expenditure and in the same time level of corruption is improving on average of 2 in term of score. While in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 the decreasing of social spending on education is accompanied by an increasing of level of corruption with a score less than 2.
Slide224. Quality of services and the education expenditures in Togo
To
analyze
the
quality
of education services, the
elements
such
as the
means
used
, the
method
of organization
chosen
to
implement
them and the
results
obtained
are
deemed
necessary
.
As a
result
, a
school
is
said
to be of good
quality
if the
teaching
conditions (
quality
of the buildings, qualification of the
teachers
, class size,
availability
of
teaching
materials
for
pupils
and
teachers
) and if the
pupils
'
achievements
reach
high
level
We based on
The
school
statistics
usually
used
, the
physical
resources
mobilized
, the
results
obtained
in the national
examinations
and the
results
of the evaluation
surveys
By using the
ordinary
statistics
,
Classroom level
a
strong
variability
between
school
condition of
teaching
(On
27,033 classrooms. Just over half of the buildings (61%) are built in hard, 9% in
banco
and 30% in local materials whose longevity on the whole is less
and the
results
obtained
. The condition of
teaching
vary
from
one
school
to
another
Slide234. Quality of services and the education expenditures in Togo
In
35% of the classroom, walls and roof would be in poor condition. However, 45% of classrooms are considered as in good condition (walls as well as the roof). Therefore, 20% of some classrooms remain in an intermediate state.
Student-teacher
ratio
: the
average
ratio
student
teachers
on all
schools
in the country is in the order of 38 and varies
little
with the type of
school
.
If 8% of
schools
have an
average
of
less
than 20
pupils
per
teacher
,
there
are also 7% of
schools
in which the
average
ratio between the
number
students
and
teachers
is over
60
Qualification of teachers
: at the statutory level on the total of schools, 18% are teachers, 38% of assistant teachers and 45% instructors, auxiliaries and
volunteer
Availability
of
textbooks
: in 15% of
schools
in the first degree,
less
than 10% of
pupils
have a
reading
manual
Unit
wage
cost
: the unit
wage
cost
is
less
than 15,000 FCFA in 9% of
schools
(and 20,000 FCFA in 28%),
it
is
higher
than 40,000
Fcfa
in 12% of
primary
schools
.
Slide244. Quality of services and the education expenditures in Togo
Internal efficiency of the education system in Togo (recent study organized by PASEC in 2014
girls
are more likely to give up primary education: in 2013, 48.6% of them compared with 45.8% of boys left educational systemThe same problem occur at the university level where in 2014 the gross enrollment rate was 5.9% for girls and 14.3% for boys. Girls' retention is lower at primary level and leads to their under-representation in the education system, precisely the transition rate between lower cycles for girls. These analyzes lead to the conclusion that, it is important to reduce the frequency of repetition because their impact is negative at the same time on student acquisition and retention until the end of the cycle.
Data ISU, http://data.uis.unesco.orgaccédé June 2016
.
Slide254. Quality of services and the education expenditures in Togo
Teacher numbers and pupil/ teacher ratio in primary school
In
Togo, the pupil / teacher ratio was 41.1 in 2014 compared to an average of 42.5 in Sub Saharan Africa. However, this ratio was 33.6 and 44.8 respectively in 2005. This mean that the ratio still weak. The allocation in primary school teachers, the relationship between the number of students and the number of teachers in schools country (36% 11 in 2011), is above the average for other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which is 33% (Pôle de Dakar, 2014).Finally this analysis reveals that Togo is confronted not only with the challenge of increasing the number of teachers despite a budget, but also with more equitable allocation of human resources between schools and between regions.
.
2005200620072008200920102011201220132014Number of teachers in primary school29668280032610325538281533171231743328253437534354Pupil/ teacher ratio at primary level 33,637,639,141,343,540,640,941,741,141,1
World Bank data, http://data.worldbanque.orgaccédé June 2016
.
Slide265- Conclusion and policy implication
This
paper motivation is to analyses the effect of governance on education expenditures in particular analyses the evolution of social spending on education in Togo and investigate the effect of corruption on social spending on education
.
The analyze reveal that
The level of education expenditures is in perfect regression between 2000-2015
The level of this education expenditures vary with the level of corruption. Also a high level of corruption influence negatively the education spending.
the quality of the service in education: the frequency of repetition, the lack of resources, teaching context (book availability, state of classroom, teachers salary etc. are factors that affect the quality of service in education in Togo
.
Therefore
it’s important for government to implement some actions to decrease the level of corruption in perspective to improve the governance of social spending in education.
In
conclusion this paper is a descriptive analysis regarding the effect of governance on education expenditures in Togo especially the effect of corruption on this expenses. However, more econometrical research on the impact of corruption on education expenditures needs to be conduct beyond the descriptive analysis.