12132042 Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing Writing includes some medium which keeps record of the conveyed message while the spoken ID: 807973
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Slide1
SPOKEN DISCOURSE
EGE DABANSIZ
12-132-042
Slide2Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing
Writing
includes
some
medium
which
keeps
record
of
the
conveyed
message
while
the
spoken
message
takes
place
on
air
.
Speech
is
more
spontaneous
than
writing
. As a
result
of
this
,
mistakes
,
repetitions
,
sometimes
less
coherent
sentences
,
depending
on
the
type
of
the
speech
,
even
grunts
,
stutters
or
pauses
might
be
meaningful
in
particular
contexes
.
In
speech
, it
develops
in time in
the
speaker
says
with
speed
it is
suitable
for
the
listener
and
though
a
request
for
repetition
is
possible
.
In
speech
,
speakers
and
hearers
are
most
often
in
face
-
to
-
face
encounters
(
unless
using
a
phone
)
they
take
advantage
of
extra
-
linguistic
signals
as
grimaces
,
gestures
,
expressions
such
as ‘
here
’, ‘
now
’,
or
‘
this
’
or
etc
.
Slide3Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing
Employment
of
nonsense
vocabulary
,
slang
and
contracted
forms
-
we’re
,
you’ve
are
other
features
of
spoken
discourse
.
Among
other
significant
features
of
speech
there
are
rhythm
,
intonation
,
speed
of
utterance
and
,
what
is
more
important
,
inability
to
conceal
mistakes
made
while
speaking
(
Crystal
, 1995).
W
riting
develops
in
space
in
that
it
needs
a
means
to
carry
the
information
.
The
author
of
the
text
does
not
often
know
who
is
going
to
read
the
text
; as a
result
he
cannot
adjust
to
readers
’
specific
expectations
.
One
other
feature
typical
of
writing
, but
never
of oral
discourse
, is
the
organization
of
tables
,
formulas
,
or
charts
which
can be
observed
only
in
the
written
form (
Crystal
1995).
Slide4Differences That Seperating The Speech From The Writing
Both
written
and
spoken
discourse
can
take
place
in
varying
degrees
of
formality
,
from
very
formal
to
informal
.
However
,
written
discourse
mostly
tends
to
have
more
formal
features
than
the
spoken
discourse
.
In
formal
spoken
language
as
well
as in
most
written
texts
,
vernacular
vocabulary
and
slang
are
not
used
and
it is
possible
to
see
more
complex
sentence
structures
,
use
of
passive
constructions
,
and
meticulous
choice
of
vocabulary
.
Informal
discourse
, on
the
other
hand
,
makes
use
of
simple
sentences
and
active
voice
mainly
,
with
personal
pronouns
and
verbs
which
show
feelings
,
opinions
,
and
attitudes
,
such
as
such
as ‘I
think
’, ‘
we
believe
’,
etc
.
In
addition
,
contractions
are
frequent
in
informal
discourse
, no
matter
if
it is
written
or
spoken
.
Slide5Types of Spoken Discourse
There
are
two
main
types
of
spoken
discourse
;
One
of
them
is
monologue
,
which
include
lectures
, propaganda
speech
,
formal
presentations
,
sermons
,
etc
.
The
other
one
is
dialogues
.
Dialogues
are
interactional
in
nature
.
In
other
words
,
they
are
conversations
.
These
conversations
are
analyzed
within
the
domain of
conversational
analysis
,
which
also
involves
turn
taking
.
Slide6Turn-Taking
Conversation
is an
enterprise
in
which
one
person
speaks
,
and
another
listens
.
Discourse
analysts
who
study
conversation
note
that
speakers
have
systems
for
determining
when
one
person’s
turn
is
over
and
the
next
person’s
turn
begins
.
This
exchange
of
turns
is
signaled
by
such
pragmatic
means
as
intonation
,
pausing
or
phrasing
.
Slide7Turn-Taking
Special
Note
:
Some
people
await
a
clear
pause
before
beginning
to
speak
, but
others
assume
that
‘
winding
down
’ is an
invitation
to
someone
else
to
take
the
sequence
.
When
speakers
have
different
assumptions
about
how
turn
exchanges
are
signaled
,
they
may
inadvertently
interrupt
or
feel
interrupted
. On
the
other
hand
,
speakers
also
frequently
take
the
floor
even
though
they
know
the
other
speaker
has not
invited
them
to
do
so
.
Slide8Turn-Taking
Listening
too
may
be
signaled
in
different
ways
.
Some
people
expect
frequent
nodding
as
well
as
listener
feedback
such
as ‘
mhm
’, ‘
uhuh
’,
and
‘
yeah
’.
Lack
of
these
signals
can
create
the
impression
that
someone
is not
listening
;
more
than
expected
signals
can
give
the
impression
that
you
are
being
rushed
along
.
For
some
,
eye
contact
is
expected
nearly
continually
;
for
others
, it
should
only
be
intermittent
.
The
type
of
listener
response
you
get
can
change
how
you
speak
.
Slide9Discourse Markers
Discourse
markers
is
the
term
linguists
give
to
the
words
like
‘
well
’, ‘oh’, ‘but’,
and
‘
and
’
that
break
our
speech
up
into
parts
and
show
the
relation
between
parts
.
For
example
;
‘Oh’
prepares
the
hearer
for
a
surprising
or
just
-
remembered
item
,
and
‘but’
indicates
that
sentence
to
follow
is in
opposition
to
the
one
before
.
Special
Note
:
However
,
these
markers
do not
necessarily
mean
what
the
dictionary
says
they
mean
.
For
example
;
Some
people
use
‘
and
’
just
to
start a
new
thought
,
and
some
people
put ‘but’ at
the
end
of
their
sentences
, as a
way
of
trailing
off
gently
.
Slide10Discourse Markers
In
face
-
to
-
face
conversation
,
participants
have
a
wide
range
of
strategies
for
creating
a
complete
and
meaningful
text
and
maintaining
involvement
.
P
articipants
,
coordinate
their
talk
and
secure
understanding
with
body
language
,
paralinguistic
features
like
intonation
,
volume
,
and
tempo,
interactional
cues
like
understanding
checks
and
attention
signals
,
along
with
grammatical
features
like
discourse
markers
,
hedges
,
and
tags
.
Slide11Types of Discourse Markers
1.
Understanding
checks
:
These
are
signals
used
by
the
speaker
to
check
whether
what
has
been
said
is
understood
,
such
as;
In
English
:
y’know
,
right
?,
huh
?,
etc
.
I
n
Turkish
:
yaa
?, Sahi mi?, öyle mi?, deme yahu?,
etc
.
2.
Attention
signals
are
used
by
the
listeners
to
show
that
they
are
following
the
conversation
,
such
as;
In
English
:
m’hm
,
uh
-
huh
,
wow
,
really
?,
etc
.
I
n
Turkish
: Evet,
hakkikaten
, haklısın, çok doğru,
etc
.
Slide12Types of Discourse Markers
3.
Manipulative
Discourse
Markers
:
Discourse
markers
are
words
that
are
used
to
manipulate
the
conversation
such
as;
In
English
:
well
,
I’m
not sure
anyway
,
she
finally
quit
, it
doesn’t
matter
though
they
all
left
early
,
y’know
In
Turkish
: yani, hani, işte, şey,
etc
.
4.
Hedges
are
linguistic
devices
:
They
are
the
discourse
markers
that
are
used
in
order
to
show
that
the
speaker
is not
totally
involved
in
what
is
being
said
.
In
other
words
,
the
speaker
is
trying
to
weaken
the
impact
of
the
utterance
.
These
are
;
In
English
:
kind
of,
sort
of, a
little
(bit),
well
,
let’s
say,
etc
.
In
Turkish
: belki, sanmam, emin değilim,
etc
.
Slide13Types of Discourse Markers
5.
Tag
Questions
:
They
are
the
questions
,
asked
to
obtain
confirmation
of
the
listener
on a
previously
uttered
statement
.
Tag
questions
with
auxiliary
,
reversed
negative
polarity
and
personal
pronoun
.
Examples
in
English
:
a. ‘
It’s
cold
,
isn’t
it?’
or
‘
It’s
not
cold
, is it?’
b. ‘
Judy
will
win
,
won’t
she
?’
or
‘
Judy
won
,
didn’t
she
?’
Examples
in
Turkish
:
a. ‘
Bugün hava çok güzel, değil mi?’
b. ‘Sen eve geleceksin,
di
mi?’
Slide14Types of Discourse Markers
Special
Note
:
Tag
questions
also
can be
used
in a
conversation
with
Lexical
tags
like
right
,
okay
,
huh
;
Examples
in
English
:
a.
It
was
Judy
,
right
?
b.
I’ll
do it,
okay
?
c.
So
Judy
won
,
huh
?
Examples
in
Turkish
:
a. Yarın buluşuyoruz, tamam mı?
b. Haftaya gideriz, tamam mı?
Slide15Thanks
For
Your
Participations