EGE DABANSIZ 12132042 12122016 Whats the Case We can define the term case in two ways These ways are syntactic and semantic Syntactically ID: 806402
Download The PPT/PDF document "Case Markers in Turkish" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Case Markers in Turkish
EGE DABANSIZ
12-132-042
12.12.2016
Slide2What’s the Case
We
can define
the
term
case
in
two
ways
.
These
ways
are
syntactic
and
semantic
.
Syntactically
the
term
case
used
to
refer
surface
inflectional
form of a
noun
which
indicates
grammatical
relations
.
Semantically
the
term
case
shows
the
semantic
relationship
between
the
verb
and
its
arguments
(
nouns
).
Slide3Kinds of Case Markers
There
are
six
types
of
cases
in
Turkish
language
.
These
are
;
Absolute
: ‘Ev satıldı.’ - ‘
The
house
has
been
sold
.’
: ‘Bir ev arıyoruz.’ – ‘
We
are
seeking
a
house
.’
Accusative
: ‘Ev
i
aldık.’ – ‘
We
have
bought
the
-
house
.’
Genitive
: ‘ev
in
bahçesi’ – ‘
the
garden
of-
the
-
house
’
Dative
: ‘Ev
e
geldim.’ – ‘I
came
to
-
the
-
house
.’
Locative
: ‘Ev
de
kaldı.’ – ‘He has
stayed
in-
the
-
house
.’
Ablative
: ‘ev
den
uzak’ – ‘far
from
-
the
-
house
’
Slide4Usages of the Case
Markers
A
case
ending
is
attached
only
to
the
final element in a nominal
group
.
Turkish
case
-
endings
behave
like
English
prepositions
.
Example
1: ‘iyi vatandaşlar’ : ‘
good
citizens
’
‘iyi vatandaşlar
-
ın
’ : ‘of
good
citizens
’
Example
2: ‘dört kere dokuz’ : ‘
four
times
nine’
‘dört kere dokuz
-un
karekökü’ : ‘
the
square
root
of
four
times
nine’
Slide51. Usages of the
Absolute
Form
1. 1.
Nominative
: As
subject
of a
sentence
or
as
complement
of a
verb
meaning
.
Example
1: ‘
Kapı
açıldı.’ : ‘
The
door
was
opened
.’
Example
2: ‘Ben
Başbakan
olmıyacağım
.’ : ‘I
shall
not
become
Prime
Minister
.’
Slide61. 2. Indefinite Accusative:
It
can be
shown
a
s the undefined object of a verb
.
Example
1: ‘
Gazete çıkarmak
zor bir iş.’ : ‘
Publishing
newspapers
is a hard
job
.’
Example
2: ‘
Bilet
satıyorlar.’ : ‘
They
are
selling
tickets
.’
Example
3: ‘O
sigara
içmez.’ : ‘He
does
not
smoke
cigarettes
.’
Example
4: ‘
Öküz
aldı.’ : ‘He
bought
oxen
.’
Example
5: ‘Bir
öküz
aldı.’ : ‘He
bought
an
ox
.’
Slide71. 3. Parallel Word Sequences:
It
may
stand
for
any
case
in
suspended
affixation
when
one
grammatical
ending
serves
two
or
more
parallel
words
.
Example
1: ‘
sıhhat
ve afiyet-
te
’ : ‘in
health
and
well
-
being
’
Note
:
The
propositions
in
parallel
word
sequences
can
also
be
repeatable
but
this
usage
is not
usual
.
Example
: ‘sıhhat
-
te
ve afiyet
-
te
’ : ‘in
health
and
in
well
-
being
’
Slide81. 4. Vocative: In Turkish
the
absolute
form can
also
be
used
to
vocative
someone
or
something
.
Example
1: ‘Ahmet!’
Example
2: ‘Taksi!’ : ‘
Taxi
!’
1. 5.
In
Adverbs
of Time
:
Many
adverbs
of time
are
originally
nouns
in
the
absolute
form
Example
1: ‘bugün’ : ‘
today
Example
2: ‘yarın’ : ‘
tomorrow
’
Example
3: ‘dün’ : ‘
yesterday
’
Slide92. Usages of the
Accusative
Form
2. 1.
By
a
Demostrative
Adjective
:
It
can be
used
after
a
noun
which
is
described
by
a
demonstrative
adjective
.
Example
: ‘Bu gazete-
yi
çıkarmak zor bir iş.’ : ‘
to
publish
this
newspaper
is a hard
job
.’
2. 2.
By
a
Personal
Pronoun
:
It
can be
used
after
a
personal
pronoun
,
suffixed
or
independent
.
Example
: ‘Ev-
imiz
-
i
kiraladı.’ : ‘He has
rented
our
house
.’ (
The
suffix
marked
in
red
is a
personal
suffix
.)
Example
2: ‘Bizim ev-
i
kiraladı.’ : ‘He has
rented
our
house
.’
Slide102. 3. By Names
and
Pronouns
:
It
can be
used
by
its
nature
as a
place
-name, a
personal
name
or
title
, a
personal
or
demonstrative
pronoun
.
Example
1: ‘Adana-
yı
gezdik.’ : ‘
We
toured
Adana.’
Example
2: ‘Hasan-
ı
hemen tanıdım. : ‘I
recognized
Hasan
immediately
.’
Example
3: ‘Profesör-
ü
selamladı.’ : ‘He
greeted
the
Professor
.’
Example
4: ‘Bu siz-
i
ilgilendirmez.’ : ‘
It
does
not
concern
you
.’
Example
5: ‘Bu-
nu
niçin yaptın?’ : ‘
Why
have
you
done
this
?’
Slide112. 4. By Having
Been
Mentioned
Previously
:
It
can be
used
also
in
situations
where
English
uses
the
define
articles
.
Example
1: ‘Öküz
-ü
aldı.’ : ‘He
bought
the
ox
.’
Example
2: ‘
Kitab
-ı
okumadım.’ : ‘I
have
not
read
the
book
.’
Slide122. 5. Defined by a Participle
: B
y being otherwise, adequately defined by a participle
.
The
use
of ‘
bir
’
the
indefinite
article
in
such
circumstances
does
not
necessarily
make
the
object
indefinite
.
Note
: A
descriptive
adjective
is not in
itself
sufficient
to
make
an
object
define
.
Compare
that
two
examples
;
Example
1: ‘
Bir
mavi kumaş istiyor.’ : ‘
She
wants
a
blue
material
.’
Example
2: ‘Mavi kumaş
-ı
istiyor.’ : ‘
She
chose
the
blue
material
.’
Note
2
:
The second object of a
factive
verb, which is a complementary object, remains
in the absolute form
.
Example
1: ‘O
-nu
vali tayin ettiler.’ : ‘
They
appointed
him
governor
.’
Example
2: ‘İstanbul’
u
İstanbul yapan budur.’ : ‘
What
makes
Istanbul
the
Istanbul
is
this
.’
Example
3: ‘Sen
ve ben
-i
arkadaş sanırdım.’ : ‘I
thought
you
and
me
were
friends
.’
Slide133. Usage of the Genitive
Form
The
genitive
suffix
shows
that
the
substantive
to
which
it is
attached
stands
in a
possessive
or
qualifying
relationship
to
another
substansive
.
Note
:
The
substantive
in
the
genitive
case
can
also
stand
predicately
Example
1: ‘hakimiyet millet
-in
-
dir
’ : ‘
sovereignty
belongs
to
(‘is’, ‘of’)
the
nation
’ (
The
suffix
marked
in
green
is a time
suffix
.)
Example
2: ‘Bütün suç siz
-in
.’ : ‘
All
the
guilt
is
yours
.’
Adding
:
C
ertain
postpositions are construed with the genitive or personal pronouns.
Slide144. Usages of the Dative
Form
4. 1.
The
İndirect
Object
of A
Verb
:
It
can be
added
to
the
object
which
is
referred
by
the
verb
of
the
sentence
.
Example
1: ‘Mektubu Ali’
ye
gösterdim.’ : ‘I
showed
the
letter
to
Ali.’
Example
2: ‘Hizmetçi
-ye
bir palto alacağız.’ : ‘
We
are
going
to
buy
the
servant
a
coat
.’
Note
:
It
may
translate
the
English
‘
for
’ as in
the
next
example
.
Example
: ‘Hizmetçi
-ye
bir palto alacağız.’ : ‘
We
are
going
to
buy a
coat
for
the
servant
.’
Slide154. 2. Place Whither:
Example
1: ‘Türkiye’
ye
döndüler.’ : ‘
They
returned
to
Turkey
.’
Example
2: ‘Yer
-e
düştü.’ : ‘
It
fell
to
the
ground
.’
Example
3: ‘Şişeyi masa
-ya
koydu.’ : ‘He put
the
bottle
on
the
table
.’
Example
4: ‘Sandalye
-ye
oturdum.’ : ‘I
seated
myself
on
the
chair
.’
Example
5: ‘Bir orman
-a
gizlendiler.’ : ‘
They
hid
in a
forest
.’
Slide164. 3. Declaring the
Purpose
:
Example
1: ‘Kız çiçek toplama
-ya
çıkıyor.’ : ‘
The
girl
is
going
to
pick
flowers
.’
Example
2: ‘Öğrenci sınav
-a
hazırlanıyor.’ : ‘
The
student
is
preparing
for
the
examination
.
4. 4.
Expressing
the
Price
:
Example
: ‘Bunu kaç
-a
aldın?’ : ‘
How
much
did
you
buy
this
?’
Slide17Adding: Turkish idiom
requires
a
dative
with
a
number
of
verbs
whose
English
equivalents
take
a
direct
object
,
among
the
commonest
being
For
Example
:
‘bir şey
-e
başlamak’ : ‘
to
begin
something
’
‘bir şey
-e
değmek’
and
‘bir şey
-e
dokunmak’ : ‘
to
touch
something
’
‘biri
-ne
benzemek’ : ‘
to
resemble
someone
’
‘bir şey
-e
devam etmek’ : ‘
to
continue
something
’
‘bir yer
-e
ermek’
and
‘bir yer
-e
varmak’ : ‘
to
reach
somewhere
’
‘bir yer
-e
girmek’ : ‘
to
enter
somewhere
’
‘biri
-ne
yardım etmek’ : ‘
to
help
someone
’
Slide185. Usages of the
Locative
Form
5. 1. To Specify the Location
:
Example 1: ‘tiyatro
-da
’ : ‘at the theatre’
Example 2: ‘su
-da
’ : ‘in the water’
Example 3: ‘yer
-de
’ : ‘on the ground’
Example 4: ‘Ben
-de
para yok.’ : ‘I have no money on me.’
Example 5: ‘Radyo
-da
bir vazo var.’ : ‘There is a vase on the radio.’
5. 2. To Specify the Time
:
Example 1: ‘Ramazan
-da
’ : ‘in Ramadan’
Example 2: ‘beş eylül
-de
’ : ‘on 5 september’
Slide195. 3. To Express Abstract
Situations
:
Example
1: ‘Radyo
-da
bir konuşma var.’ : ‘
There
is a
speech
on
the
radio
.’
Example
2: ‘ihtiyarlık
-ta
’ : ‘in
old
age
’
Example
3: ‘sağlık
-ta
’ : ‘in
health
’
Example
4: ‘gitmek
-
te
’ : ‘in (
the
act
of)
going
’
Example
5: ‘Bu fikir
-de
değilim.’ : ‘I
am
not of
this
idea.’
Slide205. 4. To Denote
Tangible
Features
of
Something
:
Example
1: ‘yumurta şeklin
-de
bir taş’ : ‘a
stone
in
the
shape
of an
egg
’
Example
2: ‘on metre uzunluğun
-da
bir ip’ : ‘a
cord
of (
lit
. İn) ten
meters
’
Example
3: ‘kahverengin
-de
bir şapka’ : ‘a
brown
coloured
hat’
Slide216. Usages of the
Ablative
Form
6. 1.
Place
From
Which
:
Example
1: ‘Şehir
-den
ayrıldı.’ : ‘He
departed
from
the
city
.’
Example
2: ‘rağbet
-ten
düştü’ : ‘it
fell
from
esteem
’ (
ceased to be in vogue
)
Example
3: ‘Bu gidiş onu yerin
-den
edecek.’ : ‘
This
behaviour
will
cost
him
his
job
.’
Slide226. 2. Place Through
Which
:
Example
1: ‘Pencere
-den
girdi.’ : ‘He
entered
from
the
window
.’
Example
2: ‘Oraya hangi yol
-dan
gidilir?’ : ‘
Which
way
is
going
there
?’
Example
3: ‘Sizi telefon
-dan
arıyorlar.’ : ‘
You
are
wanted
on
the
phone
.’
Example
4: ‘Haber radyo
-dan
yayıldı.’ : ‘
The
news
was
broadcast
.’
Example
5: ‘Hırsızı kolun
-dan
tuttum.’ : ‘I
caught
the
thief
by
his
arm
.’
Note
:
It
can be
used
also
in
the
sense of ‘
through
one
more
place
’.
Example
: ‘Kitabı bir yerin
-den
daha açtım.’ : ‘I
opened
the
book
from
one
more
place
.’
Slide236. 3. To Give
Reasons
:
It
is
also
be
added
after
the
words
,
which
states
reasons
.
Example
1: ‘başarı
-dan
sarhoş’ : ‘
drunk
from
success
’
Example
2: ‘açlık
-tan
bitkin’ : ‘
exhausted
from
hunger
’
6. 4.
Comparative
Usage
:
It
is
also
be
added
in
the
second
member
of a
comparison
.
Example
: ‘Türkiye Lübnan’
dan
büyüktür.’ : ‘
Turkey
is
bigger
than
Lebanon
.’
Slide246. 5. To Denote
the
Material
:
It
is
also
denotes
the
material
from
which
something
is
made
.
Example
1: ‘naylon
-dan
yapılmış bir balık ağı’ : ‘a
fishing
-net
made
of
nylon
’
Example
2: ‘çelik
-ten
yapılmış bir kılıç’ : ‘a
sword
made
of
steel
’
Example
3: ‘meşe ağacın
-dan
yapılmış bir yay’ : ‘a
bow
made
of
oak
tree
’
Example
4: ‘söz gümüş
-ten
, sükut altın
-dan
’ : ‘
speech
is
silver
, silence is
gold
’
Slide256. 6. The Partitive
Usage
:
It can be used to describe a part of something
and
one
or
several
member of any
group.
Example
1: ‘komşular
-dan
biri’ : ‘
one
of
the
neighbours
’
Example
2: ‘üyeler
-den
birkaçı’ : ‘
several
of
the
members
’
Example
3: ‘pasta
-dan
bir dilim’ : ‘a
piece
of
cake
’
Slide266. 7. Expressing the
Price
:
It
is
also
used
for
expressing
the
price
but not
synonymously
with
the
dative
one
. (in
page
15)
Example
: ‘Bu elmaları kaç
-tan
aldın?’ : ‘
What
price
did
you
buy
these
apples
?’
Note
:
Expressing
the
price
can be
used
in
dative
and
ablative
but
they
have
different
meanings
.
For
Example
;
Elmaları kaç
-a
aldın?:
This
dative
usage
means
‘
what
was
the
total
amount
you
paid
for
these
apples
?’
Elmaları kaç
-tan
aldın?:
This
ablative
usage
means
‘
what
price
each
or
per
kilo
or
one
?’
Slide27Usages of the Personal
Suffixes
:
The
suffixed
personal
pronouns
,
indicating
possession
showed
in
the
table
below
.
After
Consonants
After
Vowels
Singular
First
:
-im
-m
Second
:
-in
-n
Third
:
-i
-si
Plural
First
:
-imiz
-
miz
Second
:
-iniz
-
niz
Third
:
-
leri
-
leri
Slide28Note 1: A singular noun
with
the
third
-
person
suffix
(el
-
leri
, çocuk
-
ları
) is
identical
in form
with
the
plural
of
the
noun
with
the
third
-
personal
singular
suffix
(eller
-i
, çocuklar
-ı
)
and
with
the
accusative
plural
(eller
-i
, çocuklar
-ı
).
Note
2
:
Consonant
stem
with
the
third
-
singular
suffix
(el
-i
,
çocuğ
-u
)
have
the
same
form as
the
accusative
singular
(el
-i
,
çocuğ
-u
),
while
with
the
second
-
singular
suffix
they
have
the
same
form as
the
genitive
(el
-i
-n
,
çocuğ
-u
-n
).
Slide29Consonant-stems
Evening
Akşam
My
Akşam-
ım
Your
(
sing
.)
Akşam-
ın
His, her,
its
Akşam-ı
Our
Akşam-
ımız
Your
(
plu
.)
Akşam-
ınız
Their
Akşam-
ları
Hand
El
My
El-im
Your
(
sing
.)
El-in
His, her,
its
El-i
Our
El-imiz
Your
(
plu
.)
El-iniz
Their
El-
leri
Slide30Consonant-stems
Village
Köy
My
Köy-
üm
Your
(
sing
.)
Köy-ün
His, her,
its
Köy-ü
Our
Köy-
ümüz
Your
(
plu
.)
Köy-ünüz
Their
Köy-
leri
Child
Çocuk
My
Çocuğ
-um
Your
(
sing
.)
Çocuğ
-un
His, her,
its
Çocuğ
-u
Our
Çocuğ
-
umuz
Your
(
plu
.)
Çocuğ
-unuz
Their
Çocuk-
ları
Slide31Vowel-stems
Mother
Anne
My
Anne-m
Your
(
sing
.)
Anne-n
His, her,
its
Anne-si
Our
Anne-
miz
Your
(
plu
.)
Anne-
niz
Their
Anne -
leri
Door
Kapı
My
Kapı-m
Your
(
sing
)
Kapı-n
His, her,
its
Kapı-sı
Our
Kapı-
mız
Your
(
plu
.)
Kapı-
nız
Theirs
Kapı
-
ları
Slide32Vowel-stems
Measure
Ölçü
My
Ölçü-m
Your
(
sing
.)
Ölçü-n
His, her,
its
Ölçü-
sü
Our
Ölçü-
müz
Your
(
plu
.)
Ölçü-
nüz
Their
Ölçü -
leri
Fear
Korku
My
Korku-m
Your
(
sing
.)
Korku-n
His, her,
its
Korku-su
Our
Korku-muz
Your
(
plu
.)
Korku-
nuz
Their
Korku-
ları
Slide33Note
1
:
Two
anomalies
su
‘
water
’ is
treated
as a
consonant
-
stem
while
ağabey
‘
elder
brother
’ (
pronounced
â
bi
with
the
accent
on
the
‘
â
’)
behaves
like
a
vowel
stem
,
though
in
the
spelling
.
This
is
acknowledged
only
with
the
suffix
of
the
third
-
person
singular
.
Water
Su
My
Su-yum
Your (sing.)Su-yunHis, her, itsSu-yuOurSu-yumuzYour (plu.)Su-yunuzTheir Su-ları
Elder
brother
Ağabey
Pronounced
My
Ağabey-im
Abi
-m
Your
Ağabey-in
Abi
-n
His, her,
its
Ağabey-si
Abi
-si
Our
Ağabey-imiz
Abi
-
miz
Your
(
plu
.)
Ağabey-iniz
Abi
-
niz
Their
Ağabey-
leri
Abi
-
leri
Slide34Note 2: The
personal
suffixes
follow
the
suffix
of
the
plural
,
except
that
two
‘-
ler’s
never
occur
together
,
so
that
‘-i’
and
not ‘-
leri
’ is
used
for
the
third
-
person
plural
suffix
after
plural
nouns
.
Hands
El-
ler
My
El-
ler
-im
Your
(
sing
.)
El-
ler
-in
His, her,
its
El-
ler-iOurEl-ler-imizYour (plu.)El-ler-inizTheir El-ler-i
Children
Çocuk-lar MyÇocuk-lar-ımYour (sing.)Çocuk-lar-ınHis, her, itsÇocuk-lar-ıOurÇocuk-lar-ımızYour (plu.)Çocuk-lar-ınız
Their
Çocuk-
lar
-ı
Slide35Note 3: Thus çocukları
can
mean
‘his/her
children
’, ‘
their
children
’
or
‘
their
child
’ as
well
as ‘
the
children
’ (
accusative
),
while
çocukların
can
mean
‘
your
children
’
or
‘of
the
children
’.
Note
4
:
In
the
colloquial
,
kardeşimler
means
‘
my
brother
and
his
family
’,
teyzemler
means
‘
my
aunt
and
her
family
’,
whereas
kardeşlerim
means ‘my brothers’ and teyzelerim means ‘my aunts’.
Slide36Thank you very much for listening to me